1. Phenological events play a key role modulating ecosystem services; however, the complex and interlinked nature of ecosystems indicates that interactions among different taxa during phenological events can have consequences for the entire ecosystem. Currently, there is a lack of a unified criteria on the methodologies studying phenology and biotic interactions.
2. We performed an extensive integrative review of works evaluating phenology and biotic interactions. We identified four broad categories of studies that have explored biotic interactions within phenology research: (a) spatial and temporal asynchronies, (b) biotic factors as covariates, (c) simulation studies and (d) interaction indices.
3. We found that spring phenology has received much more attention than any other season, while mutualistic and obligated interactions, as well as trophic interactions and networks have been explored more routinely than facilitation or competition. Authors tend to interpret coexistence among species as biotic interactions without any direct measurement, particularly in spatial and temporal asynchrony studies, but this also occurs to a certain extent in all categories. We also found a lack of formal examination in most studies exploring phenological mismatches in response to climate change.
4. We propose a conceptual framework for the inclusion of phenology in the study of biotic interactions that apportions research into the conceptualisation and modelling of biotic interactions. Conceptualisation explores phenological data, types of interactions and the spatiotemporal dimensions, which all determine the representation for biotic interactions within the modelling framework, and the type of models that are applicable.
5. Finally, we identify emerging opportunities to investigate biotic interactions in phenology research, including spatially and temporally explicit species distribution models as proxies for phenological events and the combination of novel technologies (e.g. acoustic recorders, telemetry data) to quantify interactions.

中文翻译：

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物候分析中研究生物相互作用的方法综述

1. 物候事件在调节生态系统服务中起关键作用；然而，生态系统的复杂性和相互联系的性质表明，物候事件期间不同分类群之间的相互作用可能会对整个生态系统产生影响。目前，在研究物候学和生物相互作用方面的方法尚缺乏统一的标准。
2. 我们对评估物候和生物相互作用的作品进行了广泛的综合审查。我们确定了在物候研究中探索生物相互作用的四大类研究：（a）时空异步，（b）作为协变量的生物因子，（c）模拟研究和（d）相互作用指数。
3. 我们发现，春季物候方面的研究比其他任何季节都受到更多的关注，而与促进或竞争相比，人们更经常地探索相互联系和相互制约的相互作用以及营养相互作用和网络。作者倾向于将物种之间的共存解释为生物相互作用，而无需任何直接测量，尤其是在空间和时间异步研究中，但这在所有类别中都存在一定程度的发生。我们还发现，在大多数研究针对气候变化的物候失配的研究中，缺乏正式的检查。
4. 我们提出了一种在生物相互作用研究中纳入物候学的概念框架，该框架将研究纳入了生物相互作用的概念化和建模之中。概念化探索物候数据，相互作用类型和时空维度，这些都决定了建模框架内生物相互作用的表示形式以及适用的模型类型。
5. 最后，我们确定了在物候研究中调查生物相互作用的新机会，包括时空上明确的物种分布模型（作为物候事件的代理）以及结合量化相互作用的新技术（例如，录音机，遥测数据）。