Optogenetics refers to the control of biological processes with light. The activation of cellular phenomena by defined wavelengths has several advantages compared with traditional chemically inducible systems, such as spatiotemporal resolution, dose–response regulation, low cost, and moderate toxic effects. Optogenetics has been successfully implemented in yeast, a remarkable biological platform that is not only a model organism for cellular and molecular biology studies, but also a microorganism with diverse biotechnological applications. In this review, we summarize the main optogenetic systems implemented in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which allow orthogonal control (by light) of gene expression, protein subcellular localization, reconstitution of protein activity, and protein sequestration by oligomerization. Furthermore, we review the application of optogenetic systems in the control of metabolic pathways, heterologous protein production and flocculation. We then revise an example of a previously described yeast optogenetic switch, named FUN‐LOV, which allows precise and strong activation of the target gene. Finally, we describe optogenetic systems that have not yet been implemented in yeast, which could therefore be used to expand the panel of available tools in this biological chassis. In conclusion, a wide repertoire of optogenetic systems can be used to address fundamental biological questions and broaden the biotechnological toolkit in yeast.

中文翻译：

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酵母光遗传学的兴起和闪耀

光遗传学是指用光控制生物过程。与传统的化学诱导系统相比，通过定义的波长激活细胞现象有几个优点，例如时空分辨率、剂量反应调节、低成本和中等毒性作用。光遗传学已在酵母中成功实施，酵母是一个卓越的生物平台，它不仅是细胞和分子生物学研究的模式生物，也是具有多种生物技术应用的微生物。在这篇综述中，我们总结了在芽殖酵母酿酒酵母中实施的主要光遗传学系统，这允许基因表达的正交控制（通过光）、蛋白质亚细胞定位、蛋白质活性的重建和通过寡聚化的蛋白质螯合。此外，我们回顾了光遗传学系统在控制代谢途径、异源蛋白质生产和絮凝方面的应用。然后，我们修改了之前描述的酵母光遗传学开关的一个例子，名为 FUN-LOV，它允许精确而强烈地激活目标基因。最后，我们描述了尚未在酵母中实施的光遗传学系统，因此可用于扩展此生物底盘中可用工具的面板。总之，广泛的光遗传学系统可用于解决基本的生物学问题并拓宽酵母中的生物技术工具包。