Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most common birth defects and impart a significant burden on afflicted individuals and their families. It is increasingly understood that many nonsyndromic OFCs are a consequence of extrinsic factors, genetic susceptibilities, and interactions of the two. Therefore, understanding the environmental mechanisms of OFCs is important in the prevention of future cases. This review examines the molecular mechanisms associated with environmental factors that either protect against or increase the risk of OFCs. We focus on essential metabolic pathways, environmental signaling mechanisms, detoxification pathways, behavioral risk factors, and biological hazards that may disrupt orofacial development.

中文翻译：

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口颌裂的环境机制

口面裂 (OFC) 是最常见的出生缺陷之一，给患者及其家庭带来沉重负担。人们越来越认识到，许多非综合征性 OFC 是外在因素、遗传易感性以及两者相互作用的结果。因此，了解 OFC 的环境机制对于预防未来的病例非常重要。这篇综述研究了与环境因素相关的分子机制，这些因素可以预防或增加 OFC 的风险。我们专注于可能破坏口面部发育的基本代谢途径、环境信号机制、解毒途径、行为风险因素和生物危害。