Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent stromal cells, have attracted extensive attention in the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy due to the capacity of self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immune regulation. MSCs have different cellular effects in different diseases, and even have markedly different curative effects with different tissue sources, indicating the plasticity of MSCs. The phenotypes, secreted factors, and proliferative, migratory, differentiating, and immunomodulatory effects of MSCs depend on certain mediators present in their microenvironment. Understanding microenvironmental factors and their internal mechanisms in MSC responses may help in subsequent prediction and improvement of clinical benefits. This review highlighted the recent advances in MSC plasticity in the physiological and pathological microenvironment and multiple microenvironmental factors regulating MSC plasticity. It also highlighted some progress in the underlying molecular mechanisms of MSC remodeling in the microenvironment. It might provide references for the improvement in vitro culture of MSCs, clinical application, and in vivo induction.

间充质干细胞（MSCs）是一种多能干细胞，由于具有自我更新、多向分化和免疫调节的能力，在再生医学和细胞治疗领域引起了广泛关注。间充质干细胞在不同的疾病中具有不同的细胞作用，甚至在不同的组织来源下具有明显不同的疗效，表明间充质干细胞具有可塑性。MSCs 的表型、分泌因子以及增殖、迁移、分化和免疫调节作用取决于其微环境中存在的某些介质。了解微环境因素及其在 MSC 反应中的内部机制可能有助于后续预测和改善临床益处。本综述重点介绍了 MSC 在生理和病理微环境中的可塑性以及调节 MSC 可塑性的多种微环境因素的最新进展。它还强调了微环境中MSC重塑的潜在分子机制的一些进展。或许可以为改进提供参考MSCs的体外培养、临床应用和体内诱导。