Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mϕ) constitute the most abundant antigen presenting cells in the human intestinal mucosa. In resting conditions, they are essential to maintain the mechanisms of immune tolerance toward food antigens and commensals, at the time that they keep the capacity to initiate and maintain antigen-specific pro-inflammatory immune responses toward invading pathogens. Nevertheless, this delicate equilibrium between immunity and tolerance is not perfect, like in coeliac disease (CD), where DC and Mϕ drive the development of antigen-specific immune responses toward dietary gluten peptides. In this review, we provide therefore a comprehensive discussion about CD pathogenesis, the human intestinal immune system and the biology of intestinal DC and Mϕ both in resting conditions and in CD. Last, but not least, we discuss about all the remaining issues pending to be studied regarding DC and Mϕ contribution toward CD pathogenesis. This may allow the identification of unique and specific factors which may be useful in the clinical practice, as well as identify new therapeutic targets in order to reestablish the loss intestinal homeostasis in CD.

树突状细胞 (DC) 和巨噬细胞 (Mφ) 构成了人类肠黏膜中最丰富的抗原呈递细胞。在静息条件下，它们对于维持对食物抗原和共生体的免疫耐受机制至关重要，同时它们保持启动和维持针对入侵病原体的抗原特异性促炎免疫反应的能力。然而，免疫和耐受之间的这种微妙平衡并不完美，就像在乳糜泻 (CD) 中一样，DC 和 Mφ 驱动针对膳食麸质肽的抗原特异性免疫反应的发展。因此，在这篇综述中，我们全面讨论了 CD 发病机制、人类肠道免疫系统以及肠道 DC 和 Mφ 在静息条件下和 CD 中的生物学。最后但并非最不重要的，我们讨论了关于 DC 和 Mφ 对 CD 发病机制的贡献的所有剩余问题。这可能允许识别可能在临床实践中有用的独特和特定因素，以及识别新的治疗靶点以重建 CD 中丧失的肠道稳态。