Objectives

This paper aims to provide an explicit theoretical model for the cognitive processes involved in paleopathological diagnosis.

Methods

The approach adopted is a dual process model (DPM). DPMs recognize that cognition is a result of both Type 1 (intuitive) and Type 2 (analytical) processes. DPMs have been influential for understanding decision-making in a range of fields, including diagnosis in clinical medicine. Analogies are drawn between diagnosis in a clinical and a paleopathological setting.

Results

In clinical medicine, both Type 1 and Type 2 processes play a part in diagnosis. In paleopathology the role of Type 1 processes has been unacknowledged. However, like clinical diagnosis, paleopathological diagnosis is inherently a result of a combination of both Type 1 and Type 2 processes. A model is presented by which Type 1 processes can be explicitly incorporated into a scientific approach to diagnosis from skeletal remains, and in which diagnosis is formalized as a process of hypothesis testing.

Significance

Accurately modelling our diagnostic processes allows us to understand the biases and limitations in our work and potentially helps us to improve our procedures, including how we impart diagnostic skills in pedagogical settings.

Limitations

This work provides a theoretical model for paleopathological diagnosis. However, such models are by their nature dynamic and developing rather than static entities; it is hoped that this work stimulates further debate and discussion in this important area.

中文翻译：

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古病理学诊断的双重过程模型

目标

本文旨在为古病理学诊断中涉及的认知过程提供一个明确的理论模型。

方法

采用的方法是双进程模型 (DPM)。DPM 认识到认知是类型 1（直觉）和类型 2（分析）过程的结果。DPM 对理解包括临床医学诊断在内的一系列领域的决策产生了影响。临床诊断和古病理学诊断之间进行了类比。

结果

在临床医学中，1 类和 2 类过程都在诊断中发挥作用。在古病理学中，1 型过程的作用尚未得到承认。然而，与临床诊断一样，古病理学诊断本质上是 1 型和 2 型过程结合的结果。提出了一个模型，通过该模型可以将 1 类过程明确地纳入从骨骼遗骸进行诊断的科学方法中，并且在该模型中，诊断被正式化为假设检验的过程。

意义

准确地模拟我们的诊断过程使我们能够了解我们工作中的偏见和局限性，并有可能帮助我们改进我们的程序，包括我们如何在教学环境中传授诊断技能。

限制

这项工作为古病理学诊断提供了理论模型。然而，这些模型本质上是动态的和发展的，而不是静态的实体；希望这项工作能激发这一重要领域的进一步辩论和讨论。