Abstract Initiatives to promote community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) have been evaluated with mixed results in socio-economic and ecological outcome dimensions. In Namibia, community conservancies are being established since the 1990s mainly to reconcile wildlife conservation and rural development. As Namibia gears up for participation in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), land use and land cover change and related biomass carbon dynamics may become increasingly important additional outcome indicators for the country's approach to CBNRM. Based on a social-ecological conceptual framework, we identify spatially heterogeneous local context factors that may drive positive and negative effects of CBNRM on vegetation cover in Namibia's Zambezi region. We test our theoretical predictions using panel data in a spatially explicit, quasi-experimental evaluation design and find that, on average, CBNRM somewhat increased elephant presence, but had a negative effect on woodland cover. Heterogeneous treatment effect analysis indicates that CBNRM does work for woodland conservation when communities are located in and around wildlife corridors, which provide tourism income opportunities. Despite success in stabilizing wildlife populations in the region, our results suggest that complementary conservation incentives may be required to make Namibia's CBNRM model fit for REDD+.

中文翻译：

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旅游机会推动纳米比亚赞比西地区社区保护的林地和野生动物保护成果

摘要 促进以社区为基础的自然资源管理 (CBNRM) 的举措在社会经济和生态结果方面的评估结果喜忧参半。在纳米比亚，自 1990 年代以来一直在建立社区保护区，主要是为了协调野生动物保护和农村发展。随着纳米比亚准备参与减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量 (REDD+)，土地利用和土地覆盖变化以及相关的生物量碳动态可能成为该国 CBNRM 方法的越来越重要的附加成果指标。基于社会生态概念框架，我们确定了空间异质的当地环境因素，这些因素可能会驱动 CBNRM 对纳米比亚赞比西地区植被覆盖的正面和负面影响。我们在空间明确的准实验评估设计中使用面板数据测试了我们的理论预测，发现平均而言，CBNRM 会增加大象的存在，但对林地覆盖有负面影响。异质处理效果分析表明，当社区位于野生动物走廊内和周围时，CBNRM 确实有助于林地保护，从而提供旅游收入机会。尽管在稳定该地区的野生动物种群方面取得了成功，但我们的结果表明，可能需要采取互补的保护激励措施才能使纳米比亚的 CBNRM 模型适合 REDD+。异质处理效果分析表明，当社区位于野生动物走廊内和周围时，CBNRM 确实有助于林地保护，从而提供旅游收入机会。尽管在稳定该地区的野生动物种群方面取得了成功，但我们的结果表明，可能需要采取互补的保护激励措施才能使纳米比亚的 CBNRM 模型适合 REDD+。异质处理效果分析表明，当社区位于野生动物走廊内和周围时，CBNRM 确实有助于林地保护，从而提供旅游收入机会。尽管在稳定该地区的野生动物种群方面取得了成功，但我们的结果表明，可能需要采取互补的保护激励措施才能使纳米比亚的 CBNRM 模型适合 REDD+。