Abstract Prostate cancer is one of the essential drivers of death around the globe. As a significant medication, flutamide has been utilized in the clinical treatment of prostate cancer. However, the excessive dosage and erroneous discharge of flutamide cause the meager biodegradation and make the environment risk. Thus, it is imperative to develop an electrochemical sensor for the detection of flutamide with high affectability. In this study, we report the incorporation of a lanthanum doped zirconia nanoparticles into graphene quantum dots (GQDs@La3+@ZrO2) to form nanocomposite and is used to develop a nanosensor for flutamide detection. The proposed nanocomposite was structurally, morphologically, and electrochemically characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX, XPS, CV, and EIS respectively. Excellent electrocatalytic behavior of the proposed sensor was noticed towards flutamide reduction in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7). The proposed sensor showed excellent linearity within the range of 0.00175–15.75 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.00082 μM. Moreover, GQDs@La3+@ZrO2/GCE showed outstanding stability, sensitivity, selectivity, and good reproducibility. The developed sensor was successfully used for flutamide detection in urine samples with satisfactory results.

中文翻译：

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基于石墨烯量子点和镧掺杂氧化锆纳米粒子的纳米复合材料的合成与表征：尿样中氟他胺的电化学传感应用

摘要 前列腺癌是全球死亡的重要驱动因素之一。作为一种重要的药物，氟他胺已被用于前列腺癌的临床治疗。然而，氟他胺的过量使用和错误排放导致生物降解能力差，并给环境带来风险。因此，开发一种具有高影响力的用于检测氟他胺的电化学传感器势在必行。在这项研究中，我们报告了将镧掺杂的氧化锆纳米粒子掺入石墨烯量子点 (GQDs@La3+@ZrO2) 以形成纳米复合材料，并用于开发用于氟他胺检测的纳米传感器。所提出的纳米复合材料分别通过 FT-IR、UV-Vis、XRD、FE-SEM、EDAX、XPS、CV 和 EIS 进行了结构、形态和电化学表征。注意到所提出的传感器对氟他胺在 0.1 M 磷酸盐缓冲溶液 (pH = 7) 中还原的优异电催化行为。所提出的传感器在 0.00175-15.75 μM 范围内表现出优异的线性，检测限 (LOD) 为 0.00082 μM。此外，GQDs@La3+@ZrO2/GCE 表现出出色的稳定性、灵敏度、选择性和良好的重现性。研制的传感器成功用于尿样中氟他胺的检测，结果令人满意。