Cortex ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.10.006 Daniel Feuerriegel 1 , Jane Yook 1 , Genevieve L Quek 2 , Hinze Hogendoorn 1 , Stefan Bode 3
The ability to distinguish between commonplace and unusual sensory events is critical for efficient learning and adaptive behaviour. This has been investigated using oddball designs in which sequences of often-appearing (i.e., expected) stimuli are interspersed with rare (i.e., surprising) deviants. Resulting differences in electrophysiological responses following surprising compared to expected stimuli are known as visual mismatch responses (VMRs). VMRs are thought to index co-occurring contributions of stimulus repetition effects, expectation suppression (that occurs when one's expectations are fulfilled), and expectation violation (i.e., surprise) responses; however, these different effects have been conflated in existing oddball designs. To better isolate and quantify effects of expectation suppression and surprise, we adapted an oddball design based on Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation (FPVS) that controls for stimulus repetition effects. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) while participants (N = 48) viewed stimulation sequences in which a single face identity was periodically presented at 6 Hz. Critically, one of two different face identities (termed oddballs) appeared as every 7th image throughout the sequence. The presentation probabilities of each oddball image within a sequence varied between 10 and 90%, such that participants could form expectations about which oddball face identity was more likely to appear within each sequence. We also included ‘expectation neutral’ 50% probability sequences, whereby consistently biased expectations would not be formed for either oddball face identity. We found that VMRs indexed surprise responses, and effects of expectation suppression were absent. That is, ERPs were more negative-going at occipitoparietal electrodes for surprising compared to neutral oddballs, but did not differ between expected and neutral oddballs. Surprising oddball-evoked ERPs were also highly similar across the 10–40% appearance probability conditions. Our findings indicate that VMRs which are not accounted for by repetition effects are best described as an all-or-none surprise response, rather than a minimisation of prediction error responses associated with expectation suppression.
中文翻译:
视觉失配反应指数突击信号,但不期望抑制
区分平常和不寻常的感觉事件的能力对于有效学习和适应行为至关重要。已经使用奇异球设计进行了研究,在奇异球设计中,经常出现的(即预期的)刺激序列散布着罕见的(即令人惊讶的)变形。令人惊讶的是,与预期的刺激相比,电生理反应的结果差异被称为视觉失配反应(VMR)。人们认为VMR可以对刺激重复效应,期望抑制(当一个人的期望得到满足时发生)和期望违背(即意外)响应的共同出现进行索引。然而,这些不同的影响已经混入现有的奇数球设计中。为了更好地隔离和量化期望抑制和惊奇的影响,我们采用了基于快速周期性视觉刺激(FPVS)的奇异球设计,该控件可控制刺激的重复效应。我们记录了脑电图(EEG),而参与者(N = 48)则查看了以6 Hz周期性呈现单脸身份的刺激序列。至关重要的是,在整个序列中,每个第7张图像都会出现两个不同的面部身份之一(称为奇数球)。序列中每个奇异球图像的呈现概率在10%到90%之间变化,从而使参与者可以就哪个奇异球的脸部身份更可能出现在每个序列中形成期望。我们还包括“期望中立”的50%概率序列,从而不会对任何一个怪异的面孔身份形成一贯的偏见。我们发现VMR索引了意外响应,没有期望抑制的作用。也就是说,ERP在枕顶电极处的负向性要比中性奇数球高得多,但令人惊讶,但预期和中性奇数球之间没有差异。在10-40%的出现概率条件下,令人惊讶的奇异球诱发的ERP也非常相似。我们的发现表明,没有被重复效应解释的VMR最好被描述为全有或全无的惊喜响应,而不是与期望抑制相关的预测错误响应的最小化。在10-40%的出现概率条件下,令人惊讶的奇异球诱发的ERP也非常相似。我们的发现表明,没有被重复效应解释的VMR最好被描述为全有或全无的惊喜响应,而不是与期望抑制相关的预测错误响应的最小化。在10-40%的出现概率条件下,令人惊讶的奇异球诱发的ERP也非常相似。我们的发现表明,没有被重复效应解释的VMR最好被描述为全有或全无的惊喜响应,而不是与期望抑制相关的预测错误响应的最小化。