Oncological treatment has been revolutionised by the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi), which block inhibitory immune pathways to enhance anti-tumour responses and improve survival. This mode of action is non-specific so can cause immune-related adverse events, of which diarrhoea and enterocolitis are amongst the most common. ICPi-enterocolitis frequently leads to cancer therapy interruption. ICPi-gastritis typically occurs at a later stage of ICPi therapy and can present more insidiously with nausea and vomiting. ICPi-enterocolitis and gastritis are treated with corticosteroids, with refractory cases typically requiring biologic therapy. This review will briefly consider the pathogenesis of ICPi-induced GI disease, before focussing on the practical management of these conditions. The anticipated global increase in ICPi use across cancer types highlights the importance of prospective research in order that we can understand the immuno-microbiology of ICPi-enterocolitis and gastritis. This will lead to predictive biomarkers and help to define optimal treatment regimens.

免疫检查点抑制剂（ICPi）的出现已经彻底改变了肿瘤治疗方法，后者可抑制抑制性免疫途径，从而增强抗肿瘤反应并改善生存率。这种作用方式是非特异性的，因此会引起免疫相关的不良事件，其中最常见的是腹泻和小肠结肠炎。ICPi肠结肠炎经常导致癌症治疗中断。ICPi胃炎通常发生在ICPi治疗的后期，并且更容易隐匿并伴有恶心和呕吐。用皮质类固醇治疗ICPi肠结肠炎和胃炎，难治性病例通常需要生物疗法。在侧重于这些疾病的实际管理之前，本文将简要考虑ICPi诱发的GI疾病的发病机理。预计全球ICPI在各种癌症类型中的使用量将增加，这突显了前瞻性研究的重要性，以使我们能够了解ICPi-肠结肠炎和胃炎的免疫微生物学。这将导致预测性生物标志物，并有助于确定最佳治疗方案。