Abstract Vegetation of arable fields has changed significantly over the past decades as indicated by a marked decline in the abundance and diversity of arable plants. Thus, beyond the preservation of remnant populations, introduction of autochthonous seeds is a necessary measure to promote threatened arable plants and to restore agro-ecosystems. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the most suitable agricultural methods for plant establishment. This topic was investigated for three winter annuals (Legousia speculum-veneris, Consolida regalis, Lithospermum arvense) in a three-year field experiment in southern Germany. We established 14 management treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized block design. In year 1, arable plants were sown in a mixture of 850 seeds m−2 either without crop or with cereal crops in different sowing densities (25 %, 100 %). After crop harvest different types of soil tillage were applied (rotary cultivator, mouldboard plough). In year 2, four different crop types (autumn-sown spelt, spring-sown triticale, pea, clover-grass) were sown, and in year 3, rye was cultivated. Establishment was measured yearly as seed production of the rare arable plants, and their overall population growth rates were calculated at the end of the study period. Highest population growth rates were observed in L. speculum-veneris, followed by C. regalis and L. arvense. Population growth of the target plants decreased significantly with crop and weed cover averaged over the study period. Initial crop sowing densities had a significant impact on first-year establishment, with persisting effects in years 2 and 3. Best results were obtained without cover crop compared to cereals sown with 25 or 100 % sowing density. The establishment of target plants was also affected by crop type in year 2 (spelt > pea > spring triticale > clover-grass). However, establishment was overall high in year 3, when all plots were cultivated with rye. Type of soil tillage had no effect within the crop rotation ‘rye–clover-grass–rye’, while rotary cultivation in ‘without crop–rye–rye’ was positive for the establishment of L. speculum-veneris and L. arvense. The results indicate good opportunities for the reintroduction of rare arable plants under different crop rotations with best results for extensively managed fields with low crop competition.

中文翻译：

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在粗放管理领域重新引入稀有可耕植物：作物类型、播种密度和土壤耕作的影响

摘要 在过去的几十年里，耕地的植被发生了显着变化，可耕植物的丰度和多样性显着下降。因此，除了保护剩余种群外，引入本土种子是促进受威胁的可耕植物和恢复农业生态系统的必要措施。然而，缺乏关于最适合植物建立的农业方法的知识。在德国南部的一项为期三年的田间试验中，对三个冬季一年生植物（Legousia speculum-veneris、Consolida regalis、Lithospermum arvense）进行了调查。我们在完全随机区组设计中建立了 5 个重复的 14 个管理处理。在第一年，可耕植物以 850 粒 m−2 的种子混合播种，不带作物或与不同播种密度（25 %、100 %）的谷类作物混合。作物收获后，采用不同类型的土壤耕作方式（旋耕机、犁板犁）。在第 2 年，种植了四种不同的作物类型（秋播的拼写、春播的小黑麦、豌豆、三叶草），在第 3 年种植了黑麦。每年根据稀有可耕植物的种子产量测量建立，并在研究期结束时计算它们的总体人口增长率。在 L. speculum-veneris 中观察到最高的种群增长率，其次是 C. regalis 和 L. arvense。在研究期间，目标植物的种群增长随着作物和杂草覆盖率的平均值而显着下降。作物的初始播种密度对第一年的建立有显着影响，并在第 2 年和第 3 年持续产生影响。与以 25% 或 100% 播种密度播种的谷物相比，不使用覆盖作物获得了最佳结果。目标植物的建立也受第 2 年作物类型的影响（斯佩尔特小麦 > 豌豆 > 春黑小麦 > 三叶草）。然而，在第 3 年，所有地块都种植黑麦，建立率总体较高。土壤耕作方式在“黑麦-三叶草-草-黑麦”轮作中没有影响，而“无作物-黑麦-黑麦”轮作对L. speculum-veneris和L. arvense的建立有积极影响。结果表明，在不同作物轮作下重新引入稀有可耕植物的良好机会，对于作物竞争低的广泛管理的田地效果最佳。