Leveraging peer-to-peer energy sharing solutions between nodes, energy balancing aims to balance energy among the nodes in a network towards prolonging the network lifetime especially when external energy supply is not available. Previous studies target an energy balance among the devices as fast as possible but they waste energy in the network during this process due to the excessive interactions between nodes. Moreover, they do not take into account different contact relations between the nodes in the network. In this paper, we address these issues and present efficient and loss-aware energy balancing protocols considering the contact graph heterogeneity between nodes and a time threshold for completing the energy balancing. We consider both the single hop and multi-hop based energy exchanges among nodes and design separate protocols for each. Through simulations, we show that the proposed algorithms outperform the state-of-the-art solution by reaching a better energy balance with a lower energy loss, and multi-hop based approach performs better than single hop based one. We also discuss the implications of energy balancing process on network lifetime through different use cases and provide the necessary modifications on the proposed system to maximize the network lifetime especially in disconnected networks.

利用节点之间的对等能量共享解决方案，能量平衡旨在平衡网络中节点之间的能量，以延长网络寿命，尤其是在没有外部能量供应的情况下。先前的研究旨在尽快实现设备之间的能量平衡，但是由于节点之间的过度交互，它们在此过程中浪费了网络中的能量。而且，它们没有考虑网络中节点之间的不同联系关系。在本文中，我们解决了这些问题，并提出了有效且具有损耗意识的能量平衡协议，其中考虑了节点之间的接触图异质性以及完成能量平衡的时间阈值。我们考虑节点之间基于单跳和多跳的能量交换，并为每个节点设计单独的协议。通过仿真，我们表明，所提出的算法通过达到更好的能量平衡和更低的能量损耗而优于最新的解决方案，并且基于多跳的方法比基于单跳的方法具有更好的性能。我们还将讨论通过不同用例的能量平衡过程对网络寿命的影响，并在建议的系统上进行必要的修改，以最大程度地延长网络寿命，尤其是在断开连接的网络中。