Abstract

The change in the use of forage lands in the Black Lands and the Kizlyar pastures of the Caspian Sea region in the second half of the 20th century from winter to year-round, their overload with livestock, and plowing for forage crops led to the degradation of natural ecosystems, an outbreak of light-soil deflation, and the formation of large foci (with an area of ​​hundreds or thousands of hectares) of fine sands. The development of new technologies and the implementation of large-scale studies on their phytomelioration in the 1970–1990s made it possible to restore the vegetation cover on an area of ​​over 400 000 hectares and to stop the avalanche-like desertification of lands. However, the productivity and nutritional benefits of secondary phytocenoses obtained large differences. The article reveals the morphoecological specificity of the development and the water-physical properties of the soil of modern deflation foci. The technologies of their shrub and complex phytomelioration are considered. The formation features, biological diversity, productivity, and stability of the secondary vegetation cover were determined based on materials from the long-term monitoring of successions. The advantages of complex phytomelioration, including the use of woody, semishrub, and herbaceous plants, have been found. It was found that the created regenerative fodder ecosystems produce 2.0–5.0 t/ha of hay in the first 5–10 years and develop according to the shrub–herb type. Their floristic composition expands to 30–50 species in the subsequent decades. Their productivity decreases to 1.0–2.0 t/ha but depends less on the amount of precipitation than in virgin areas. Forage (up to 55%) and medicinal (up to 12%) plant species prevail in the 20- to 30-year-old phytocenoses. Pamirian winterfat has a high coenosis potential and stability. Pastures with its participation are distinguished by the stability of the pasture stock in terms of the composition and years of observation. At the same time, the indigenous species of valuable pasture plants (forage kochia, wormwood, and perennial grasses) slowly penetrate the cover of “extinct” deflation foci. It is necessary to improve the methods of their primary phytomelioration and to reconstruct a low-value vegetation cover on fixed sands. Measures to improve the technologies of primary phytomelioration of modern foci of deflation should be based on the expansion of the range and the joint use of valuable forage shrubs and perennial psammophilic grasses, the effective protection of local regenerative forage phytocenoses from sand transfer, the creation of a shady tree layer, the organization of moderate grazing of the secondary cover in subsequent years, and stimulation of the spread of indigenous grazing plant species.

中文翻译：

---

在西北里海地区放牧的现代通货紧缩中提高植物覆盖的恢复效率

摘要

在20世纪下半叶，从冬季到全年，里海黑土地和里海基兹利亚牧场的牧草土地的使用发生了变化，牲畜超载，耕作草料作物耕种导致退化自然生态系统的发展，轻土壤通缩的爆发以及细沙的形成（大面积震源（面积数百或数千公顷））。1970-1990年代新技术的发展和对其除草作用的大规模研究的实施使得有可能在超过40万公顷的土地上恢复植被覆盖并阻止雪崩般的土地荒漠化。但是，次生植物纤维素的生产力和营养效益却有很大差异。文章揭示了现代通缩震源发育的形态生态学特征和土壤的水物理性质。考虑了灌木和复杂除草的技术。根据长期监测演替的资料，确定了次生植被的形成特征，生物多样性，生产力和稳定性。已经发现了复杂的植物除草的优点，包括使用木本，半灌木和草本植物。研究发现，在最初的5-10年中，已建立的可再生饲料生态系统产生2.0-5.0吨/公顷的干草，并根据灌木-草本类型发展。在随后的几十年中，它们的植物组成扩展到30–50种。他们的生产率下降到1.0–2。产量为0吨/公顷，但对降水量的依赖程度要少于原始地区。在20至30岁的植物群落中，以牧草（占55％）和药用（占12％）植物为主。帕米里亚冬脂具有较高的共生潜力和稳定性。参与牧场的牧场在组成和观测年限方面都具有出色的稳定性。同时，有价值的草场植物的本地物种（牧草科奇亚草，艾草和多年生草）逐渐渗透到“灭绝”的通缩病源中。有必要改进其主要的植物除草方法，并在固定的沙子上重建低价值的植被。