Abstract

An increase in the level of production and consumption of polyvinyl chloride leads to the formation of a large volume of chlorinated waste, mostly as a component of municipal plastics waste. Incineration of such waste to produce energy results in emission of toxic gases (SO₂, NO_x) and of heavy metals and solid particles with flue gases, and also in formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans and of other aggressive chlorinated organic compounds. Therefore, recycling of waste containing chlorinated organic polymers becomes a serious problem. The review considers modern commercial processes for sorting municipal plastics waste, including various procedures for polymer waste separation. Procedures based on pyrolysis and gasification for chlorinated waste recycling are analyzed. Approaches to chemical recycling of polyvinyl chloride and of polymer mixtures and municipal waste containing polyvinyl chloride, namely, pyrolysis and low-temperature catalytic dechlorination, are described. The influence of the composition and kind of polymer waste on the degree of dechlorination is analyzed. Principles and mechanisms of mechanochemical processing of polyvinyl chloride waste in a mixture with chemical sorbents and with biological and technical wastes are presented.

中文翻译：

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聚氯乙烯的化学回收途径：第1部分

摘要

聚氯乙烯的生产和消费水平的提高导致大量氯化废物的形成，这些氯化废物大部分是城市塑料废物的组成部分。焚烧此类废物以产生能量会导致排放有毒气体（SO ₂，NO _x），重金属和带有烟道气的固体颗粒，以及形成多氯化二苯并二恶英和二苯并呋喃以及其他侵蚀性氯化有机化合物。因此，包含氯化有机聚合物的废物的再循环成为严重的问题。该评论考虑了用于分类市政塑料废物的现代商业流程，包括聚合物废物分离的各种程序。分析了基于热解和气化的含氯废物回收程序。描述了化学回收聚氯乙烯和聚合物混合物以及含有聚氯乙烯的城市废物的方法，即热解和低温催化脱氯。分析了聚合物废料的组成和种类对脱氯程度的影响。