The aim of this research is to assess the sustainability performance of different concrete and stone walls being used in residential buildings in Malaysia in terms of environmental issues, economic concerns, and social aspects. The concrete walls consist of crib wall (CW), cantilever reinforced concrete wall (CRCW), and keystone wall (KW), while stone walls include gabion wall (GW) and rubble masonry wall (RMW). Four different assessment criteria such as global warming potential (GWP), ozone layer depletion (OLD), cost present value (CPV), and social impacts (SI) were considered. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the considered walls based on individual criteria of GWP and OLD, while life cycle cost (LCC) and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) were performed based on CPV and SI, respectively. In S-LCA, three main social indicators such as workers, local community, and society were taken into account. Then, a multi-criteria decision-analysis (MCDA) approach is implemented to assess and prioritize alternative walls, which is resulted from LCA, LCC, and S-LCA, by considering combination of abovementioned criteria. The primary results of LCA for GWP criterion shows that the GW and RMW are the best options with respective emissions of 12784 KG CO2eq and 20020 KG CO2eq. On the other hand, the result for OLD indicates that the best alternatives are GW and RMW with respective emissions of 178.99 CFC-11 eq and 224.88 CFC-11 eq. The results of LCC declare that RCW is the best option by 595600 MYR which is 14% less than the second-best option (RMW). The S-LCA results show that the CW is the best option with 10% better than the second option (KW). The MCDA results revealed that the sustainability performance of the GW was the highest among alternatives followed by RWW, RCW, KW, and CW. The presented approach in this research has been successfully applied on a case study. It provides valuable insight on the assessment of earth-retaining systems assisting decision makers in prioritizing and selecting the most sustainable retaining walls to be used in residential buildings in Malaysia and other countries with similar climate conditions.

中文翻译：

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对挡土墙替代方案应用多标准决策：LCA、LCC 和 S-LCA

本研究的目的是评估马来西亚住宅建筑中使用的不同混凝土和石墙在环境问题、经济问题和社会方面的可持续性表现。混凝土墙包括婴儿床墙（CW）、悬臂钢筋混凝土墙（CRCW）和梯形墙（KW），而石墙包括石笼墙（GW）和碎石墙（RMW）。考虑了四种不同的评估标准，例如全球变暖潜能值 (GWP)、臭氧层消耗 (OLD)、成本现值 (CPV) 和社会影响 (SI)。在本研究中，根据 GWP 和 OLD 的个体标准进行了生命周期评估 (LCA) 以评估考虑的墙，而基于 CPV 和 SI 进行生命周期成本 (LCC) 和社会生命周期评估 (S-LCA) ， 分别。在 S-LCA 中，考虑了工人、当地社区和社会等三个主要社会指标。然后，通过考虑上述标准的组合，实施多标准决策分析（MCDA）方法来评估和优先考虑由 LCA、LCC 和 S-LCA 产生的替代墙。GWP 准则的 LCA 初步结果表明，GW 和 RMW 是最佳选择，各自的排放量为 12784 KG CO2eq 和 20020 KG CO2eq。另一方面，OLD 的结果表明最佳替代品是 GW 和 RMW，其各自的排放量为 178.99 CFC-11 eq 和 224.88 CFC-11 eq。LCC 的结果表明 RCW 是最好的选择，595600 MYR，比第二好的选择 (RMW) 少 14%。S-LCA 结果表明 CW 是最好的选择，比第二个选项 (KW) 好 10%。MCDA 结果显示，GW 的可持续性表现在替代方案中最高，其次是 RWW、RCW、KW 和 CW。本研究中提出的方法已成功应用于案例研究。它提供了关于挡土系统评估的宝贵见解，帮助决策者优先考虑和选择最可持续的挡土墙，以用于马来西亚和其他气候条件相似的国家的住宅建筑。