Terminal heat stress (HS) has adverse effect on the quantity and quality of wheat grains, as evident from the reduction in the yield. Plant has inherited tolerance mechanism to protect itself from the environmental stresses by modulating the expression and activity of stress associated genes (SAGs)/proteins (SAPs) which protect the plant from the damage caused by HS. Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) regulates the expression of SAGs in plant under HS. Bioinformatics and phylogenetic characterization of wheat showed the presence of 56 HSFs classified into three groups—A, B, and C. The regulation of Plant HSFs basically takes place at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translation levels. It also undergoes post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO)-mediated degradation. The expression of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) genes in response to various stimuli is regulated by HSFs. HSF1 has been reported to be the master regulator for cytoprotective HSPs expression. HSF potentially bind and activate his own promoters as well as the promoters of other members of their gene family. HSFs perceive the elevation in temperature through different signaling molecules like H2O2, kinases and ultimately increase the expression of HSPs and other SAPs inside the cell in order to protect the nascent protein from denaturation. HSFs, being placed at pivotal position, needs to be further identified, characterized and manipulated using the advanced genetic tools in order to regulate the expression of potential genes involved in defense mechanism of plants under stress. It can also be used as potential molecular marker in wheat breeding program.

中文翻译：

---

防止终末热应激：变化环境下热响应转录因子 (HSF) 和应激相关基因 (SAG) 之间的权衡

终末热胁迫 (HS) 对小麦籽粒的数量和质量有不利影响，这从产量下降中可以看出。植物具有遗传耐受机制，通过调节胁迫相关基因 (SAG)/蛋白质 (SAP) 的表达和活性来保护自身免受环境胁迫，这些基因可保护植物免受 HS 造成的损害。热休克转录因子 (HSF) 调控 HS 下植物中 SAGs 的表达。小麦的生物信息学和系统发育表征表明存在 56 种 HSF，分为 A、B 和 C 三个组。植物 HSF 的调控主要发生在转录、转录后、翻译和翻译后水平。它还经历翻译后修饰，例如磷酸化、泛素化、和小泛素样修饰符 (SUMO) 介导的降解。响应各种刺激的热休克蛋白 (HSP) 基因的表达受 HSF 调节。据报道，HSF1 是细胞保护性 HSP 表达的主要调节因子。HSF 可能结合并激活他自己的启动子以及其基因家族其他成员的启动子。HSF 通过不同的信号分子（如 H2O2、激酶）感知温度升高，并最终增加细胞内 HSP 和其他 SAP 的表达，以保护新生蛋白质免于变性。HSF 处于关键位置，需要使用先进的遗传工具进一步鉴定、表征和操纵，以调节参与胁迫下植物防御机制的潜在基因的表达。