NETosis is a program for formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of modified chromatin decorated with bactericidal proteins from granules and cytoplasm. Various pathogens, antibodies and immune complexes, cytokines, microcrystals, and other physiological stimuli can cause NETosis. Induction of NETosis depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS), the main source of which is NADPH oxidase. Activation of NADPH oxidase depends on increase in the concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm and in some cases on the generation of ROS in mitochondria. NETosis includes release of the granule components into the cytosol, modification of histones leading to chromatin decondensation, destruction of the nuclear envelope, as well as formation of pores in the plasma membrane. In this review, basic mechanisms of NETosis, as well as its role in the pathogenesis of some diseases including COVID-19 are discussed.

中文翻译：

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NETosis：分子机制，在生理学和病理学中的作用

NETosis 是一种用于形成中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (NET) 的程序，该程序由修饰染色质组成，该染色质装饰有来自颗粒和细胞质的杀菌蛋白。各种病原体、抗体和免疫复合物、细胞因子、微晶和其他生理刺激均可引起 NETosis。NETosis 的诱导取决于活性氧 (ROS)，其主要来源是 NADPH 氧化酶。NADPH 氧化酶的激活取决于细胞质中 Ca2+ 浓度的增加，并且在某些情况下取决于线粒体中 ROS 的产生。NETosis 包括颗粒成分释放到细胞质中、组蛋白修饰导致染色质解聚、核膜破坏以及质膜中孔的形成。在这篇综述中，NETosis 的基本机制，