The accurate description of the emitted current that escapes from hot tungsten surfaces is essential for reliable predictions of the macroscopic deformation due to melt motion induced by fast transient events. A comprehensive analytical electron emission model is developed and its implementation in the particle-in-cell 2D3V code SPICE2 is discussed. The properties of emissive sheaths of present tokamaks, where thermionic emission is strongly suppressed by space-charge effects and by prompt re-deposition, are reviewed for arbitrary magnetic field inclination angles. The unique characteristics of emissive sheaths that emerge during ITER ELMs, where weakly impeded thermionic emission is coupled with field emission and competes with electron-induced emission, are revealed. The first ITER simulations are reported for normal inclinations.

从热钨表面逸出的发射电流的准确描述对于可靠预测由于快速瞬变事件引起的熔体运动而引起的宏观变形至关重要。开发了一个综合的分析电子发射模型，并讨论了其在粒子内二维2D3V代码SPICE2中的实现。对于任意的磁场倾斜角，都对本托卡马克的发射鞘的性能进行了综述，在这些鞘中，空间电荷效应和迅速的再沉积会强烈抑制热电子发射。揭示了在ITER ELM期间出现的发射鞘的独特特征，其中弱阻碍的热电子发射与场发射耦合，并与电子感应发射竞争。首次报道了ITER模拟的正常倾斜度。