Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for the adaptation of various signalling pathways to ensure cellular homeostasis and proper adaptation to stress. PTM is a covalent addition of a small chemical functional group such as a phosphate group (phosphorylation), methyl group (methylation), or acetyl group (acetylation); lipids like hydrophobic isoprene polymers (isoprenylation); sugars such as a glycosyl group (glycosylation); or even small peptides such as ubiquitin (ubiquitination), SUMO (SUMOylation), NEDD8 (neddylation), etc. SUMO modification changes the function and/or fate of the protein especially under stress conditions, and the consequences of this conjugation can be appreciated from development to diverse disease processes. The impact of SUMOylation in disease has not been monotonous, rather SUMO is found playing a role on both sides of the coin either facilitating or impeding disease progression. Several recent studies have implicated SUMO proteins as key regulators in various cardiovascular disorders. The focus of this review is thus to summarize the current knowledge on the role of the SUMO family in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases.

中文翻译：

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心血管系统中的SUMO蛋白：敌还是友？

翻译后修饰（PTM）对于各种信号通路的适应至关重要，以确保细胞稳态和对应激的适当适应。PTM是一个小的化学官能团的共价加成，例如磷酸基团（磷酸化），甲基基团（甲基化）或乙酰基团（乙酰化）；脂质，如疏水异戊二烯聚合物（异戊二烯化）；糖，例如糖基（糖基化）；甚至什至是小的肽，例如泛素（泛素化），SUMO（SUMOylation），NEDD8（neddylation）等。SUMO修饰会改变蛋白质的功能和/或命运，特别是在压力条件下，这种结合的后果可以从发展为多种疾病的过程。SUMOylation对疾病的影响并非单调，相反，发现SUMO在硬币的两面都起到了促进或阻止疾病进展的作用。最近的一些研究表明SUMO蛋白是各种心血管疾病的关键调节因子。因此，本综述的重点是总结关于SUMO家族在心血管疾病病理生理中的作用的当前知识。