The majority of the Kazakhs from South Kazakhstan belongs to the 12 clans of the Senior Zhuz. According to traditional genealogy, nine of these clans have a common ancestor and constitute the Uissun tribe. There are three main hypotheses of the clans’ origin, namely, origin from early Wusuns, from Niru’un Mongols, or from Darligin Mongols. We genotyped 490 samples of South Kazakhs by 35 Y-chromosomal SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and 17 STRs (short tandem repeat). Additionally, 133 samples from citizen science projects were included into the study. We found that three Uissun clans have unique Y-chromosomal profiles, but the remaining six Uissun clans and one non-Uissun clan share a common paternal gene pool. They share a high frequency (> 40%) of the C2*-ST haplogroup (marked by the SNP F3796), which is associated with the early Niru’un Mongols. Phylogenetic analysis of this haplogroup carried out on 743 individuals from 25 populations of Eurasia has revealed a set of haplotype clusters, three of which contain the Uissun haplotypes. The demographic expansion of these clusters dates back to the 13-fourteenth century, coinciding with the time of the Uissun’s ancestor Maiky-biy known from historical sources. In addition, it coincides with the expansion period of the Mongol Empire in the Late Middle Ages. A comparison of the results with published aDNA (ancient deoxyribonucleic acid) data and modern Y haplogroups frequencies suggest an origin of Uissuns from Niru’un Mongols rather than from Wusuns or Darligin Mongols. The Y-chromosomal variation in South Kazakh clans indicates their common origin in 13th–14th centuries AD, in agreement with the traditional genealogy. Though genetically there were at least three ancestral lineages instead of the traditional single ancestor. The majority of the Y-chromosomal lineages of South Kazakhstan was brought by the migration of the population related to the medieval Niru’un Mongols.

中文翻译：

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哈萨克斯坦南部Y染色体世系的中世纪蒙古根

来自南哈萨克斯坦的哈萨克人多数属于高级朱兹家族的12个部族。根据传统家谱，这些氏族中有9个具有共同的祖先，构成了Uissun部落。有关氏族起源的三个主要假设，即起源于早期的乌孙，尼鲁恩蒙古人或达利金蒙古人。我们通过35个Y染色体SNP（单核苷酸多态性）和17个STR（短串联重复序列）对南哈萨克族的490个样本进行了基因分型。此外，该研究还包括了来自公民科学项目的133个样本。我们发现三个Uissun氏族具有独特的Y染色体谱，但其余六个Uissun氏族和一个非Uissun氏族共享一个共同的父系基因库。它们共享C2 * -ST单倍型（由SNP F3796标记）的高频率（> 40％），与早期的尼鲁蒙人有关。对来自25个欧亚大陆种群的743个人进行了系统发育分析，发现了一组单体型簇，其中三个包含Uissun单体型。这些族群的人口膨胀可追溯到13至14世纪，与Uissun的祖先Maiky-biy的历史时期相吻合。此外，它与中世纪晚期蒙古帝国的扩张时期相吻合。将结果与已发表的aDNA（古代脱氧核糖核酸）数据和现代Y单倍体频率进行比较，表明Uissuns起源于Niru'un蒙古，而不是Wusuns或Darligin蒙古。哈萨克族南部的Y染色体变异表明它们的共同起源是在公元13至14世纪，与传统家谱相符。尽管从基因上讲，至少有三个祖先血统，而不是传统的单一祖先。南哈萨克斯坦的大多数Y染色体谱系是由与中世纪Niru'un蒙古人有关的人口迁移带来的。