In this paper, the problem of optimal placement of virtual inertia is considered as a techno-economic problem from a frequency stability point of view. First, a data driven-based equivalent model of battery energy storage systems, as seen from the electrical system, is proposed. This experimentally validated model takes advantage of the energy storage system special attributes to contribute to inertial response enhancement, via the virtual inertia concept. Then, a new framework is proposed, which considers the battery storage system features, including annual costs, lifetime and state of charge, into the optimal placement formulation to enhance frequency response with a minimum storage capacity. Two well-known dynamical frequency criteria, the frequency nadir and the rate of change of frequency, are utilized in the optimization formulation to determine minimum energy storage systems. Moreover, a power angle-based stability index is also used to assess the effect of virtual inertia on transient stability. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are further conducted to assess the applicability of the method. The efficiency of the proposed framework is demonstrated on a linearized model of a three-area power system as well as two nonlinear systems. Simulation results suggest that the proposed method gives improved results in terms of stability measures and less ESS capacity, when compared with other methods proposed in the literature.

中文翻译：

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基于最佳储能系统的虚拟惯性布置：频率稳定性的观点

在本文中，虚拟惯量的优化放置问题从频率稳定性的角度被认为是一个技术经济问题。首先，从电气系统的角度，提出了基于数据驱动的电池储能系统等效模型。这个经过实验验证的模型利用能量存储系统的特殊属性，通过虚拟惯性概念来增强惯性响应。然后，提出了一个新框架，该框架将电池存储系统的特性，包括年成本、寿命和充电状态，纳入最佳放置公式，以最小存储容量增强频率响应。两个众所周知的动态频率标准，频率最低点和频率变化率，用于优化公式以确定最小能量存储系统。此外，还使用基于功率角的稳定性指标来评估虚拟惯性对暂态稳定性的影响。进一步进行灵敏度和不确定性分析以评估该方法的适用性。在三区域电力系统和两个非线性系统的线性化模型上证明了所提出框架的效率。仿真结果表明，与文献中提出的其他方法相比，所提出的方法在稳定性措施和更少的 ESS 容量方面给出了改进的结果。进一步进行灵敏度和不确定性分析以评估该方法的适用性。在三区域电力系统和两个非线性系统的线性化模型上证明了所提出框架的效率。仿真结果表明，与文献中提出的其他方法相比，所提出的方法在稳定性措施和更少的 ESS 容量方面给出了改进的结果。进一步进行灵敏度和不确定性分析以评估该方法的适用性。在三区域电力系统和两个非线性系统的线性化模型上证明了所提出框架的效率。仿真结果表明，与文献中提出的其他方法相比，所提出的方法在稳定性措施和更少的 ESS 容量方面给出了改进的结果。