Background:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide. Prevalence and associated risk factors of CKD was evaluated in the greater Mashhad, a highly populated pilgrimage city, in 2018 on 2,976 subjects. Methods:This study was carried out in the greater Mashhad, a highly populated pilgrimage city, in 2018 on 2,976 subjects. For each participant a standard questionnaire, a physical examination and clinical history were completed. Then biochemical and hematologic tests for kidney function were performed. Results:Obesity was observed more frequently in subjects with CKD, thus BMI was positively correlated with the prevalence of CKD (p<0.001). Moderately reduced GFR was found in 17.6% and 7.1%, and severely reduce GFR at 0.7% and 0.5%, of males and females, respectively (p<0.001).Drug abuse also showed a strong association with CKD (p=0.004), but smoking did not. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression of decreased estimated GFR<60 showed that age (OR=1.06), gender (OR=2.14), diabetes (OR=1.07), hypertension (OR=1.39) and drug usage (OR=3.29) were risk factors for CKD; BMI was not. The same statistics showed that only age (OR=1.02), diabetes (OR=2.61) and hypertension (OR=1.16) were risk factors for albuminuria. The prevalence of hypertension (22.1%) was a risk factor for CKD, and vice versa. BMI and drug abuse were also risk factors for hypertension, but not smoking. Conclusion:These findings demonstrated that progression of CKD and hypertension in any population should be considered in the context of changes in human behaviours, etiology, disease severity, co-occurring diseases, addiction and priority of therapy over prevention.

中文翻译：

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人口众多的人口稠密地区慢性肾脏病的患病率和危险因素

背景：慢性肾脏病（CKD）是世界范围内的主要公共卫生问题。2018年，在人口稠密的朝圣城市马什哈德，对2,976名受试者进行了CKD患病率和相关危险因素的评估。方法：这项研究于2018年在人口稠密的朝圣城市马什哈德进行，涉及2976名受试者。为每位参与者完成了标准问卷，体格检查和临床病史。然后进行肾功能的生化和血液学检查。结果：在CKD患者中肥胖发生率更高，因此BMI与CKD患病率呈正相关（p <0.001）。男性和女性的GFR分别适度降低了17.6％和7.1％，GFR分别严重降低了0.7％和0.5％（p <0.001）。药物滥用也显示出与CKD密切相关（p = 0.004），但吸烟却没有。使用降低的估计GFR <60的单变量和多元logistic回归显示年龄（OR = 1.06），性别（OR = 2.14），糖尿病（OR = 1.07），高血压（OR = 1.39）和药物使用（OR = 3.29）为CKD的危险因素；BMI不是。相同的统计数据表明，只有年龄（OR = 1.02），糖尿病（OR = 2.61）和高血压（OR = 1.16）是白蛋白尿的危险因素。高血压的患病率（22.1％）是CKD的危险因素，反之亦然。体重指数和药物滥用也是高血压的危险因素，但不是吸烟的危险因素。结论：这些发现表明，应根据人类行为，病因，疾病严重程度，同时发生的疾病，