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The skin of birds' feet: Morphological adaptations of the plantar surface
Journal of Morphology ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-24 , DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21284
Elizabeth Höfling 1, 2 , Anick Abourachid 3
Affiliation  

The skin of the foot provides the interface between the bird and the substrate. The foot morphology involves the bone shape and the integument that is in contact with the substrate. The podotheca is a layer of keratinized epidermis forming scales that extends from the tarsometatarsus to the toe extremities. It varies in size, shape, amount of overlap and interacts with the degree of fusion of the toes (syndactyly). A study of toe shape and the podotheca provides insights on the adaptations of perching birds. Our analysis is based on micro‐CT scans and scanning electron microscopy images of 21 species from 17 families, and includes examples with different orientations of the toes: zygodactyl (toes II and III forward), anisodactyl (toes II, III, and IV forward), and heterodactyl (toes III and IV forward). We show that in these three groups, the skin forms part of a perching adaptation that involves syndactyly to different degrees. However, syndactyly does not occur in Psittacidae that use their toes also for food manipulation. The syndactyly increases the sole surface and may reinforce adherence with the substrate. Scale shape and toe orientation are involved in functional adaptations to perch. Thus, both bone and skin features combine to form a pincer‐like foot.

中文翻译:

鸟脚的皮肤:足底表面的形态适应

脚的皮肤提供了家禽和基材之间的界面。足部形态涉及骨骼形状和与基底接触的外皮。足底膜是一层角质化的表皮,形成鳞片,从跗跖骨延伸到脚趾四肢。它的大小、形状、重叠量不同,并与脚趾的融合程度(并指)相互作用。对脚趾形状和足鞘的研究为栖息鸟类的适应提供了见解。我们的分析基于来自 17 个科的 21 个物种的显微 CT 扫描和扫描电子显微镜图像,包括脚趾不同方向的例子:合子(脚趾 II 和 III 向前),异指(脚趾 II、III 和 IV 向前) )和异指(脚趾 III 和 IV 向前)。我们表明,在这三组中,皮肤形成了栖息适应的一部分,在不同程度上涉及并指。然而,在鹦鹉科中不会发生并指,它们也使用脚趾进行食物操作。并指增加了鞋底表面并可以加强与基底的粘附。鳞片形状和脚趾方向参与鲈鱼的功能适应。因此,骨骼和皮肤特征结合形成钳状足。
更新日期:2020-10-24
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