Sunflower seeds (hybrid Luka) were primed with water (hydropriming) or sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) solutions (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM NaHS) and subsequently dried to initial moisture content. Unprimed (control) and primed seeds were germinated in a growth chamber on paper towels moistened with water or polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 solutions (2.5, 5.0 and 10%), mimicking different drought stress levels. To evaluate the response of the primed seeds to drought in the germination stage, the germination energy (GE), germination rate (SG), seedling fresh mass (SW), hydrogen peroxide and free proline content (PRO), as well as lipid peroxidation rate (malondialdehyde; MDA) were established. The results show strong effects of the imposed drought stress and the metabolic response to oxidative stress through lower germinability and proline accumulation in seedlings. NaHS priming showed some positive effects on seed germination depending on stress level and the concentration of NaHS. Sunflower seeds were also germinated in pots filled with soil, at optimal (70% of field water capacity [FWC 70%]) and drought conditions (FWC 30%), in natural outdoors conditions. When plantlets developed the first pair of leaves, the number of plants (emergence rate [ER]), shoot mass (SM) and leaves mass (LM) were determined, as well as the total activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). There was a significant influence of an interaction between drought stress and priming, whereas drought stress inhibited plant emergence and early growth (SW and LW), and strong antioxidative enzymatic response to drought stress was clearly established in the leaves. Although seed priming showed some influence on enzyme activities, it was mostly related to seed hydropriming effects, while NaHS seed priming was less effective, influencing only DHAR. Altogether, the results imply that sunflower seed priming with NaHS may not have a prolonged impact on the antioxidative defence mechanism based on CAT and ascorbate/glutathione cycle during sunflower early growth in drought conditions.

中文翻译：

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硫化钠引发对向日葵（向日葵）萌发和早期生长的抗旱性的影响。

将向日葵种子（杂交Luka）用水（加氢底漆）或氢硫化钠（NaHS）溶液（0.1、0.5、1.0和1.5 mM NaHS）上底漆，然后干燥至初始水分含量。将未上底漆的（对照）和已上底漆的种子在用水或聚乙二醇（PEG）6000溶液（2.5％，5.0％和10％）润湿的纸巾上的生长室中萌发，以模拟不同的干旱胁迫水平。要评估发芽种子对发芽期干旱的响应，包括发芽能（GE），发芽率（SG），幼苗新鲜质量（SW），过氧化氢和游离脯氨酸含量（PRO）以及脂质过氧化作用率（丙二醛； MDA）确定。结果表明，由于较低的发芽率和脯氨酸在幼苗中的积累，强加的干旱胁迫和对氧化胁迫的代谢反应具有较强的影响。NaHS引发对种子萌发有积极影响，具体取决于胁迫水平和NaHS浓度。在最佳条件下（田间持水量的70％[FWC 70％]）和干旱条件下（FWC 30％），在自然的室外条件下，向日葵种子也会在装有土壤的盆中发芽。当小苗发育出第一对叶片时，将确定植物的数量（出芽率[ER]），枝条质量（SM）和叶片质量（LM）以及过氧化氢酶（CAT），抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ APX），谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）。干旱胁迫和启动之间的相互作用产生了显着影响，而干旱胁迫抑制了植物的出苗和早期生长（SW和LW），并且在叶片中明显建立了对干旱胁迫的强抗氧化酶促反应。尽管种子启动对酶活性有一定影响，但主要与种子加氢启动有关，而NaHS种子启动效果较差，仅影响DHAR。总而言之，结果暗示在干旱条件下向日葵早期生长期间，用NaHS引发向日葵种子可能不会对基于CAT和抗坏血酸/谷胱甘肽循环的抗氧化防御机制产生长期影响。它主要与种子的水引发效应有关，而NaHS的种子引发效果较差，仅影响DHAR。总而言之，结果暗示在干旱条件下向日葵早期生长期间，用NaHS引发向日葵种子可能不会对基于CAT和抗坏血酸/谷胱甘肽循环的抗氧化防御机制产生长期影响。它主要与种子的水引发效应有关，而NaHS的种子引发效果较差，仅影响DHAR。总而言之，结果暗示在干旱条件下向日葵早期生长期间，用NaHS引发向日葵种子可能不会对基于CAT和抗坏血酸/谷胱甘肽循环的抗氧化防御机制产生长期影响。