Recognition of the stop codon by the translation machinery is essential to terminating translation at the right position and to synthesizing a protein of the correct size. Under certain conditions, the stop codon can be recognized as a coding codon promoting translation, which then terminates at a later stop codon. This event, called stop codon readthrough, occurs either by error, due to a dedicated regulatory environment leading to generation of different protein isoforms, or through the action of a readthrough compound. This review focuses on the mechanisms of stop codon readthrough, the nucleotide and protein environments that facilitate or inhibit it, and the therapeutic interest of stop codon readthrough in the treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.

中文翻译：

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破译终止密码子通读的分子机制

翻译机制识别终止密码子对于在正确位置终止翻译和合成大小正确的蛋白质至关重要。在某些条件下，终止密码子可以被识别为促进翻译的编码密码子，然后在稍后的终止密码子处终止。这种称为终止密码子通读的事件是由于导致产生不同蛋白质异构体的专用调节环境或通读化合物的作用而发生的错误。本综述重点关注终止密码子读取的机制、促进或抑制它的核苷酸和蛋白质环境，以及终止密码子读取在治疗由无义突变引起的遗传疾病中的治疗意义。