The Arctic sea-ice cover has undergone a significant decline in recent decades. The melt season is starting earlier, ice is thinner and seasonal ice dominates. Here we examine the effects of these changes on the solar heat input to the upper ocean in ice-covered Arctic waters from 1985 to 2014. Satellite observations of ice concentration, onset dates of melt and freeze-up and ice age, are combined with ice thicknesses from the PIOMAS model and incident solar irradiance from reanalysis products to calculate the contributions of open ocean and ice to the solar heat input in the upper ocean. Of the total, 86% of the area has positive trends for solar heat input to the ocean through leads due to decreases in ice concentration. Only 62% of the area shows positive trends of solar heat input to the ocean explicitly through the ice. Positive trends are due to thinning ice, while negative trends occur in regions where the ice-free season has lengthened. The annual total solar heat input to the ocean exhibits positive trends in 82% of the area. The spatial pattern of the cumulative annual total solar heat input is similar to the pattern of solar heat input directly to leads.

中文翻译：

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变化的冰和变化的光：1988 年至 2014 年太阳热输入北冰洋上层的趋势

近几十年来，北极海冰覆盖率显着下降。融化季节开始较早，冰更薄，季节性冰占主导地位。在这里，我们研究了这些变化对 1985 年至 2014 年冰雪覆盖的北极水域上层海洋的太阳热量输入的影响。对冰浓度、融化和冻结的开始日期以及冰河时代的卫星观测与冰相结合PIOMAS 模型的厚度和再分析产品的入射太阳辐照度，以计算开阔海洋和冰对上层海洋太阳热输入的贡献。其中，由于冰浓度降低，86% 的区域有通过导线向海洋输入太阳热的积极趋势。只有 62% 的区域显示出太阳热量通过冰明确输入海洋的积极趋势。积极趋势是由于冰层变薄，而消极趋势出现在无冰季节延长的地区。每年输入海洋的太阳总热量在 82% 的区域呈现出积极的趋势。年累计总太阳热输入的空间格局与直接向引线的太阳热量输入格局相似。