Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy elicits antitumor response by inhibiting immune suppressor components, including programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Despite improved therapeutic efficacy, the clinical response rate is still unsatisfactory as revealed by the fact that only a minority of patients experience durable benefits. Additionally, “off-target” effects after systemic administration remain challenging for ICB treatment. To this end, the local and targeted delivery of ICB agents instead could be a potential solution to maximize the therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the side effects.

中文翻译：

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免疫检查点封锁疗法的局部和有针对性的交付

免疫检查站封锁（ICB）治疗通过抑制免疫抑制因子（包括程序性细胞死亡蛋白1及其配体（PD-1 / PD-L1）和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA-4））引发抗肿瘤反应。尽管治疗效果得到改善，但只有少数患者具有持久的益处这一事实表明，临床反应率仍不令人满意。另外，全身给药后的“脱靶”效应对于ICB治疗仍然具有挑战性。为此，ICB剂的局部和靶向递送可能是使治疗结果最大化同时使副作用最小化的潜在解决方案。