A 3-D finite element model of rotary friction welding was developed using a viscoelastic Maxwell model. The thermal softening of the material was accounted for in the viscous part of the material model as well as in an additional friction model. The thermal and mechanical material data were adapted from existing data of tempering steel AISI 4140. The final model was used to predict rotary friction welding of shafts using three different parameter settings. The simulation results showed that the melt temperature was never exceeded at the faying surfaces, which is seen as a main characteristic of friction welding. Subsequent validation also demonstrated that the shortening of the specimen as well as the resulting flash geometry could be predicted successfully.

中文翻译：

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使用粘弹性 Maxwell 模型模拟旋转摩擦焊接

使用粘弹性 Maxwell 模型开发了旋转摩擦焊接的 3-D 有限元模型。在材料模型的粘性部分以及附加摩擦模型中考虑了材料的热软化。热力学和机械材料数据改编自回火钢 AISI 4140 的现有数据。最终模型用于使用三种不同的参数设置来预测轴的旋转摩擦焊接。模拟结果表明，接合面的熔体温度从未超过，这被视为摩擦焊接的主要特征。随后的验证还表明，可以成功预测样品的缩短以及由此产生的闪光几何形状。