For graphene to achieve its full scientific and commercial potential, reliable mass production of the material on the multi‐tonne scale is essential. We have investigated five samples of graphene obtained from commercial sources that state they can supply the product on the tonne scale per annum. From electron microscopy at the micrometre to the nanometre scale, and neutron vibrational spectroscopy, we find that none of the materials examined were 100 % isolated graphene sheets. In all cases, there was a substantial content of graphite‐like material. The samples exhibited varying oxygen contents, this could be present as carboxylic acid (although other oxygenates, quinones, phenols may also be present) or water. We emphasise that INS spectroscopy is particularly useful for the investigation of inorganic materials that will be used commercially: it provides atomic scale information from macroscopic (10’s of g) amounts of sample, thus ensuring that the results are truly representative.

中文翻译：

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商业石墨烯的调查

为了使石墨烯充分发挥其科学和商业潜力，可靠地大规模生产多吨级材料是必不可少的。我们调查了从商业来源获得的五个石墨烯样品，这些样品表明他们每年可以提供吨级产品。从微米级到纳米级的电子显微镜和中子振动光谱，我们发现所检查的材料都不是 100% 分离的石墨烯片。在所有情况下，都有大量的类石墨材料。样品表现出不同的氧含量，这可能以羧酸（尽管也可能存在其他含氧化合物、醌、酚）或水的形式存在。我们强调 INS 光谱学对于研究将在商业上使用的无机材料特别有用：