Abstract Agricultural intensification continues to threaten habitat and biological diversity in farmland. In Europe, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has established several measures to support biodiversity-fostering elements such as landscape features, semi-natural habitats and extensive land uses, together referred to as Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI). However, CAP measures’ effectiveness to support GBI has not been accurately evaluated yet. We assess GBI occurrence across a variety of European agricultural systems covering a gradient of farming intensity and analyse to what extent the CAP is supporting their presence by enhancing farmer's awareness and the uptake of measures that foster GBI. We carried out habitat surveys in 115 Landscape Test Squares (LTS) of 500m × 500m in six case study areas, including arable land, pastures and mixed farming systems in Spain, Germany and Bulgaria. We mapped GBI including small landscape elements, in-field elements (both semi-natural and productive) and connectivity features. We used historical imagery to map changes on GBI occurrence in LTS from 2012 to 2018. We also used questionnaires with farmers and stakeholders on their GBI awareness and compared their answers to elements mapped. Results showed that landscape and in-field GBI occurrence was higher in extensive than in intensive farming systems regardless of the region, whereas the opposite was found for connectivity features (e.g. grassy strips). The analysis of habitat changes showed a small increase of certain biodiversity-fostering in-field GBI, but no substantial change in connectivity features or landscape elements. Moreover, a significant reduction of valuable GBI like grasslands was observed. There were several mismatches between the patterns of GBI identified by farmers and stakeholders and their mapped abundances. Our results indicate that the CAP has not substantially increased the availability of biodiversity-fostering GBI in these regions and that adopted features were mostly related to neutral or negative effects on biodiversity. Farmers’ perception of GBI features seems driven by production management decisions rather than by biodiversity concerns.

中文翻译：

---

欧洲共同农业政策在多大程度上影响生物多样性的关键景观决定因素？

摘要 农业集约化继续威胁着农田的栖息地和生物多样性。在欧洲，共同农业政策 (CAP) 制定了多项措施来支持促进生物多样性的要素，例如景观特征、半自然栖息地和广泛的土地利用，统称为绿色和蓝色基础设施 (GBI)。然而，尚未准确评估 CAP 措施支持 GBI 的有效性。我们评估了涵盖农业强度梯度的各种欧洲农业系统中 GBI 的发生情况，并分析了 CAP 通过提高农民的意识和采取促进 GBI 的措施来支持其存在的程度。我们在 6 个案例研究区域的 115 个 500m × 500m 的景观测试广场 (LTS) 中进行了栖息地调查，包括耕地 西班牙、德国和保加利亚的牧场和混合农业系统。我们绘制了 GBI，包括小型景观元素、田间元素（半自然和生产性元素）和连通性特征。我们使用历史图像来绘制 2012 年至 2018 年 LTS 中 GBI 发生的变化。我们还使用了农民和利益相关者的问卷调查，了解他们的 GBI 意识，并将他们的答案与映射的元素进行比较。结果表明，无论区域如何，粗放式耕作系统的景观和田间 GBI 发生率高于集约化耕作系统，而连通性特征（例如草地）则相反。对栖息地变化的分析表明，某些促进生物多样性的实地 GBI 略有增加，但连通性特征或景观元素没有实质性变化。而且，观察到像草原这样的有价值的 GBI 显着减少。农民和利益相关者确定的 GBI 模式与其映射的丰度之间存在一些不匹配。我们的结果表明，CAP 并没有显着增加这些地区促进生物多样性的 GBI 的可用性，而且所采用的特征主要与对生物多样性的中性或负面影响有关。农民对 GBI 特征的看法似乎是由生产管理决策而非生物多样性问题驱动的。我们的结果表明，CAP 并没有显着增加这些地区促进生物多样性的 GBI 的可用性，而且所采用的特征主要与对生物多样性的中性或负面影响有关。农民对 GBI 特征的看法似乎是由生产管理决策而非生物多样性问题驱动的。我们的结果表明，CAP 并没有显着增加这些地区促进生物多样性的 GBI 的可用性，而且所采用的特征主要与对生物多样性的中性或负面影响有关。农民对 GBI 特征的看法似乎是由生产管理决策而非生物多样性问题驱动的。