Wild Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (C.Presl) Bég. flowers, fruits and leaves were extracted with steam distillation and obtained essential oils (EOs) were characterized using GC/MS. The study was designed to verify the potential effectiveness of fennel EOs in the treatment of inflammation and arthritis. Since tissue proteins denaturation is a major cause of arthritic diseases, fennel EOs and their main constituents were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the heat‐induced proteins degradation using bovine serum albumin as a protein model. Moreover, the in vitro inhibitory effects of the three EOs on the pro‐inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) production were verified in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Estragole (28.81–33.40 %), anethole (24.16–27.40 %), fenchone (9.76–18.48 %), α‐phellandrene (1.63–8.37 %) and limonene (5.54–6.05 %) were the major constituents. All the EOs showed a concentration‐dependent biological activity, being the flower EO the most effective in inhibiting NO production (IC50=232.2±11.3 μg/mL). The leaf EO showed a very good bovine serum albumin (BSA) anti‐denaturation activity (IC50=95.9±2.4 μg/mL). Moreover, four components were proved to be effective in protecting protein from heat‐induced degradation, being α‐phellandrene the most active compound (IC50=73.2±1.9 μg/mL).

中文翻译：

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Foeniculum vulgare subsp. 的精油。胡椒及其体外抗关节炎潜力

野生茴香亚种。胡椒（C.Presl）Bég。用蒸汽蒸馏法提取花、果实和叶子，并使用 GC/MS 表征获得的精油 (EO)。该研究旨在验证茴香 EO 在治疗炎症和关节炎方面的潜在有效性。由于组织蛋白质变性是关节炎疾病的主要原因，因此使用牛血清白蛋白作为蛋白质模型评估了茴香 EO 及其主要成分抑制热诱导蛋白质降解的能力。此外，在 LPS 刺激的 RAW 264.7 细胞中证实了三种 EO 对促炎介质一氧化氮 (NO) 产生的体外抑制作用。雌二醇 (28.81–33.40 %)、茴香脑 (24.16–27.40 %)、茴香酮 (9.76–18.48 %)、α-水芹烯 (1.63–8.37 %) 和柠檬烯 (5.54–6。05%) 是主要成分。所有的 EO 都表现出浓度依赖性的生物活性，其中花 EO 抑制 NO 产生最有效（IC50=232.2±11.3 μg/mL）。叶EO显示出非常好的牛血清白蛋白（BSA）抗变性活性（IC50=95.9±2.4 μg/mL）。此外，四种成分被证明可有效保护蛋白质免受热诱导的降解，其中 α-水芹烯是活性最强的化合物 (IC50=73.2±1.9 μg/mL)。