Picolinafen, a phytoene desaturase-inhibiting herbicide, has been used since 2001 to control the growth of broadleaf weeds. Picolinafen has lower solubility and volatility, and shows lower toxicity to non-target insect species than other types of herbicide. Although picolinafen has been detected in lakes near urban environments and induces chronic toxicity in the mammals, birds, and some aquatic organisms, no study has investigated the toxicity or mode of action of picolinafen in zebrafish. In this study, we demonstrated the lethality and acute LC50 value of picolinafen towards zebrafish embryos. Picolinafen hampered the development of embryos by the induction of morphological abnormalities via apoptosis. Additionally, picolinafen suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species and angiogenesis. Also, the angiogenesis related genes, flt1 and flt4 mRNA expression was decreased in zebrafish embryos. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the developmental toxicity of picolinafen in vertebrates.

中文翻译：

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Picolinafen 通过抑制斑马鱼胚胎的氧化应激和血管生成发挥发育毒性

Picolinafen 是一种八氢番茄红素去饱和酶抑制性除草剂，自 2001 年以来一直用于控制阔叶杂草的生长。Picolinafen 具有较低的溶解度和挥发性，对非目标昆虫物种的毒性低于其他类型的除草剂。尽管已在城市环境附近的湖泊中检测到吡啶甲醚，并对哺乳动物、鸟类和一些水生生物产生慢性毒性，但尚无研究调查吡啶甲醚对斑马鱼的毒性或作用方式。在这项研究中，我们证明了吡啶甲醚对斑马鱼胚胎的致死率和急性 LC50 值。Picolinafen 通过细胞凋亡诱导形态异常阻碍了胚胎的发育。此外，picolinafen 抑制活性氧的产生和血管生成。此外，血管生成相关基因，flt1 和 flt4 mRNA 表达在斑马鱼胚胎中降低。该研究提供了对匹考那芬在脊椎动物中的发育毒性的机制理解。