Abstract Lead halide hybrid perovskites have received massive research attention because of their unique inherent photophysical properties that driven them for potential application in the fields of photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, lasing, X-ray detector, and so on. Perovskite single crystals and nanocrystals are generally synthesized via various low-cost solution-processed techniques. The emergence of simple growth approaches of perovskite structures enable to fabricate low-cost and highly efficient devices. However, toxicity of Pb atoms and instability of perovskite structures obstruct further commercialization of these technologies. Recent efforts have been shifted to discover novel, eco-friendly, and stable lead-free metal halide perovskite (LFHP) materials and exploring their different growth processes for various device applications. This review aims to provide an up-to-date analysis of recent progress report on LFHPs and will mainly focus on their growth processes in the single crystalline and nanocrystalline forms. This review also tries to understand how the perovskite crystal structure impacts on their fundamental properties. In addition, we discuss the current progress in various field of applications and their future aspects.

中文翻译：

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无铅金属卤化物钙钛矿单晶和纳米晶的最新进展：合成、晶体结构、光学特性及其多样化应用

摘要 卤化铅杂化钙钛矿因其独特的固有光物理特性而受到广泛的研究关注，这促使它们在光伏、发光器件、激光、X 射线探测器等领域有潜在的应用。钙钛矿单晶和纳米晶通常通过各种低成本的溶液处理技术合成。钙钛矿结构的简单生长方法的出现使制造低成本和高效的器件成为可能。然而，铅原子的毒性和钙钛矿结构的不稳定性阻碍了这些技术的进一步商业化。最近的努力已转向发现新颖、环保且稳定的无铅金属卤化物钙钛矿 (LFHP) 材料，并探索它们在各种设备应用中的不同生长过程。本综述旨在提供对 LFHP 近期进展报告的最新分析，并将主要关注它们在单晶和纳米晶形式的生长过程。本综述还试图了解钙钛矿晶体结构如何影响其基本特性。此外，我们讨论了各个应用领域的当前进展及其未来方面。