In Germany, bridges have an average age of 40 years. A bridge consumes between 0.4% and 2% of its construction cost per year over its entire life cycle. This means that up to 80% of the construction cost are additionally needed for operation, inspection, maintenance, and destruction. Current practices rely either on paper-based inspections or on abstract specialist software. Every application in the inspection and maintenance sector uses its own data model for structures, inspections, defects, and maintenance. Due to this, data and properties have to be transferred manually, otherwise a converter is necessary for every data exchange between two applications. To overcome this issue, an adequate model standard for inspections, damage, and maintenance is necessary. Modern 3D models may serve as a single source of truth, which has been suggested in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) concept. Further, these models offer a clear visualization of the built infrastructure, and improve not only the planning and construction phases, but also the operation phase of construction projects. BIM is established mostly in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector to plan and construct new buildings. Currently, BIM does not cover the whole life cycle of a building, especially not inspection and maintenance. Creating damage models needs the building model first, because a defect is dependent on the building component, its properties and material. Hence, a building information model is necessary to obtain meaningful conclusions from damage information. This paper analyzes the requirements, which arise from practice, and the research that has been done in modeling damage and related information for bridges. With a look at damage categories and use cases related to inspection and maintenance, scientific literature is discussed and synthesized. Finally, research gaps and needs are identified and discussed.

在德国，桥梁的平均年龄为40岁。桥梁在整个生命周期中每年消耗其建筑成本的0.4％至2％。这意味着操作，检查，维护和销毁还额外需要高达80％的建设成本。当前的实践依赖于基于纸张的检查或抽象的专业软件。检查和维护部门中的每个应用程序都使用其自己的数据模型来进行结构，检查，缺陷和维护。因此，必须手动传输数据和属性，否则两个应用程序之间的每次数据交换都需要一个转换器。为了克服这个问题，必须有足够的模型标准来进行检查，损坏和维护。现代3D模型可以作为单一事实来源，在建筑信息模型（BIM）概念中已提出建议。此外，这些模型提供了已建基础设施的清晰可视化，不仅改善了规划和施工阶段，而且改善了建设项目的运营阶段。BIM主要建立在建筑，工程和建设（AEC）领域，以计划和建造新建筑物。当前，BIM并不涵盖建筑物的整个生命周期，尤其是不包括检查和维护。创建损坏模型首先需要建筑模型，因为缺陷取决于建筑组件，其属性和材料。因此，建筑信息模型对于从破坏信息中获得有意义的结论是必要的。本文分析了由于实践而产生的要求，以及对桥梁的损伤和相关信息进行建模的研究。通过查看与检查和维护相关的损坏类别和用例，讨论并综合了科学文献。最后，确定和讨论研究差距和需求。