Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas. Agricultural soils are the major source of N₂O contributing more than 70% of the global N₂O emissions. In soil, N₂O is mainly produced during the microbial mediated nitrification and denitrification processes. These processes are influenced by several factors. Nitrification is governed by a few species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, whereas, several species are involved in the denitrification process. Recently, several improved molecular approaches particularly different omics technologies namely genome sequencing, proteomics, metagenomics, meta-transcriptomics, etc. are being used for microbial diversity assessment, identification of metabolic pathways as well as recovery of the abundant uncultivable microbial genomes along with the genes involved in N₂O production but also necessary for mitigation of N₂O emission from agricultural soils. Various studies on the N₂O production pathways and factors affecting from the agricultural soils are being elaborately documented. However, the molecular perspective of the N₂O production in agricultural soils is not well-addressed. Thus, a better understanding of N₂O production pathways, factors affecting, and identification of soil microbial and ecological diversity will provide great insight into the mitigation of N₂O emission from agricultural soils. This review aims to explore in detail the published literature for a better understanding of soil microbial dynamics in both aerobic and anaerobic environment and how nitrogen saturation disrupts microbial and ecosystem functioning. The impact of impending climate change on soil microbiome along with their interaction with soil environment and plant communities is also discussed.

一氧化二氮（N ₂ O）是有力的温室气体。农业土壤是N ₂ O的主要来源，占全球N ₂ O排放量的70％以上。在土壤中，N ₂O主要在微生物介导的硝化和反硝化过程中产生。这些过程受几个因素影响。硝化作用由几种细菌，古细菌和真菌控制，而反硝化过程则涉及几种。最近，几种改良的分子方法，特别是不同的组学技术，即基因组测序，蛋白质组学，宏基因组学，元转录组学等，被用于微生物多样性评估，代谢途径的鉴定以及丰富的无法培养的微生物基因组以及这些基因的回收。参与N ₂ O的生产，但对于减轻农业土壤中N ₂ O的排放也是必需的。关于N _2的各种研究O的生产途径和受到农业土壤影响的因素已得到详尽记录。但是，在农业土壤中生产N ₂ O的分子观点尚未得到很好的解决。因此，更好地了解N ₂ O的产生途径，影响因素以及土壤微生物和生态多样性的识别，将为缓解N ₂提供重要的见识。农业土壤中的O排放。这篇综述旨在详细探讨已发表的文献，以更好地了解有氧和厌氧环境中土壤微生物的动力学以及氮饱和度如何破坏微生物和生态系统的功能。还讨论了迫在眉睫的气候变化对土壤微生物组的影响及其与土壤环境和植物群落的相互作用。