Urbanization is a major driver of global change. Profound human-mediated changes to urban environments have provided increased opportunities for species to invade. The desire to understand and manage biological invasions has led to an upsurge in frameworks describing the mechanisms underpinning the invasion process and the ecological and socio-economic impacts of invading taxa. This paper assesses the applicability of three commonly used invasion frameworks to urban ecosystems. The first framework describes the mechanisms leading to invasion; the second and third frameworks assess individual species, and their associated environmental and socio-economic impacts, respectively. In urban areas, the relative effectiveness of the barriers to invasion is diminished (to varying degrees) allowing a greater proportion of species to move through each subsequent invasion stage, i.e. “the urban effect” on invasion. Impact classification schemes inadequately circumscribe the full suite of impacts (negative and positive) associated with invasions in urban areas. We suggest ways of modifying these frameworks to improve their applicability to understanding and managing urban invasions.

中文翻译：

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选定的入侵框架在城市生态系统中的应用

城市化是全球变化的主要驱动力。人类对城市环境的深刻改变为物种入侵提供了更多机会。理解和管理生物入侵的渴望导致描述框架的机制激增，这些机制支撑了入侵过程以及入侵生物群的生态和社会经济影响。本文评估了三种常用的入侵框架对城市生态系统的适用性。第一个框架描述了导致入侵的机制。第二和第三框架分别评估了单个物种及其相关的环境和社会经济影响。在城市地区 入侵壁垒的相对有效性（在不同程度上）降低了，从而使更大比例的物种能够通过随后的每个入侵阶段，即对入侵的“城市效应”。影响分类方案未充分界定与城市地区入侵相关的全套影响（负面和正面）。我们建议修改这些框架以提高其在理解和管理城市入侵方面的适用性。