Ecological diversity among diurnal birds of prey, or raptors, is highlighted regarding their sensory abilities. While raptors are believed to forage primarily using sight, the sensory demands of scavengers and predators differ, as reflected in their visual systems. Here, I have reviewed the visual specialisations of predatory and scavenging diurnal raptors, focusing on (1) the anatomy of the eye and (2) the use of vision in foraging. Predators have larger eyes than scavengers relative to their body mass, potentially highlighting the higher importance of vision in these species. Scavengers possess one centrally positioned fovea that allows for the detection of carrion at a distance. In addition to the central fovea, predators have a second, temporally positioned fovea that views the frontal visual field, possibly for prey capture. Spatial resolution does not differ between predators and scavengers. In contrast, the organisation of the visual fields reflects important divergences, with enhanced binocularity in predators opposed to an enlarged field of view in scavengers. Predators also have a larger blind spot above the head. The diversity of visual system specializations according to the foraging ecology displayed by these birds suggests a complex interplay between visual anatomy and ecology, often unrelatedly of phylogeny.

中文翻译：

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掠食性和清除性日猛禽的视觉适应

昼夜猛禽或猛禽之间的生态多样性在其感知能力上得到了强调。尽管人们认为猛禽主要是利用视觉觅食，但清道夫和掠食者的感官要求却有所不同，这在他们的视觉系统中得到了体现。在这里，我回顾了掠食性和清除性猛禽的视觉专长，重点关注（1）眼睛的解剖结构和（2）视觉在觅食中的使用。相对于它们的体重，捕食者的眼睛比清除剂的眼睛更大，这可能突出了视觉在这些物种中的重要性。清道夫拥有一个位于中央的中央凹，可以远距离检测腐肉。除中央中央凹外，掠食者还有第二个暂时定位的中央凹，可观察额叶视野，可能用于捕获猎物。捕食者和清除者之间的空间分辨率没有差异。相反，视野的组织反映了重要的差异，捕食者的双眼性增强，而清道夫则视野扩大。捕食者的头部上方也有较大的盲区。根据这些鸟类显示的觅食生态学，视觉系统专业的多样性表明，视觉解剖学与生态学之间存在复杂的相互作用，通常与系统发育无关。