Faustina faustina is a conchologically highly diverse forest gastropod with several morphological forms. It is a Carpathian species, but it also occurs in northern isolated localities, where it was probably introduced. We performed the first phylogeographic analysis of 22 populations, based on three molecular markers: COI, ITS-2, and 28S rRNA. Genetic data were complemented by paleo-distribution models of spatial occupancy during the Last Glacial Maximum to strengthen inferences of refugial areas. We discovered high genetic variability of COI sequences with p-distances between haplotypes ranged from 0.2 to 18.1% (6.3–16.6% between clades). For nuclear markers, a haplotype distribution pattern was revealed. Species distribution models indicated a few potential refugia in the Carpathians, with the most climatically stable and largest areas in the Southern Carpathians. In some climate scenarios, putative microrefugia were also predicted in the Western and Eastern Carpathians, and in the Apuseni Mts. Our results suggest the glacial in situ survival of F. faustina and its Holocene expansion in the Sudetes. Although our genetic data as well as shell phenotypes showed considerable variation within and between studied populations, the molecular species delimitation approaches still imply only one single species. Our study contributes to the understanding of the impact of processes on shaping contemporary population genetic structure and diversity in low-dispersal, forest species.

中文翻译：

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从分子数据和物种分布模型推断的陆生腹足动物 Faustina faustina (Rossmässler, 1835) (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Helicidae) 的系统地理学和潜在的冰川避难所

Faustina faustina 是一种高度多样化的森林腹足动物，具有多种形态。它是喀尔巴阡山脉的一种，但也出现在北部偏远地区，可能是在那里引入的。我们基于三个分子标记对 22 个种群进行了首次系统地理学分析：COI、ITS-2 和 28S rRNA。遗传数据得到了末次盛冰期空间占用的古分布模型的补充，以加强对避难区的推断。我们发现 COI 序列的高遗传变异性，单倍型之间的 p 距离范围为 0.2 到 18.1%（进化枝之间为 6.3-16.6%）。对于核标记，揭示了单倍型分布模式。物种分布模型表明喀尔巴阡山脉有一些潜在的避难所，拥有南喀尔巴阡山脉气候最稳定和面积最大的地区。在某些气候情景中，在西喀尔巴阡山脉和东喀尔巴阡山脉以及阿普塞尼山也预测到了推定的微型避难所。我们的结果表明 F. faustina 的冰川原位生存及其在苏台德的全新世扩张。尽管我们的遗传数据以及壳表型在研究种群内部和之间显示出相当大的差异，但分子物种定界方法仍然意味着只有一个物种。我们的研究有助于了解过程对塑造当代人口遗传结构和低扩散森林物种多样性的影响。我们的结果表明 F. faustina 的冰川原位生存及其在苏台德的全新世扩张。尽管我们的遗传数据以及壳表型在研究种群内部和之间显示出相当大的差异，但分子物种定界方法仍然意味着只有一个物种。我们的研究有助于了解过程对塑造当代人口遗传结构和低扩散森林物种多样性的影响。我们的结果表明 F. faustina 的冰川原位生存及其在苏台德的全新世扩张。尽管我们的遗传数据以及壳表型在研究种群内部和之间显示出相当大的差异，但分子物种定界方法仍然意味着只有一个物种。我们的研究有助于了解过程对塑造当代人口遗传结构和低扩散森林物种多样性的影响。