Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely used as antibacterial agents in both commercial products and for industrial applications. As such, AgNP has a high potential for release into freshwater environments. As part of a whole-lake ecosystem experiment to examine the impacts of AgNP exposure at low µg/L concentrations over multiple years, we evaluated biological responses in Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) before, during, and after AgNP additions to a freshwater lake. Yellow Perch were monitored for responses to in situ AgNP additions at the cellular (suite of biomarkers), individual (growth, prey consumption, and metabolism), and population (abundance and gross prey consumption) scales. At the cellular level, several biomarkers of oxidative stress in liver tissues revealed down-regulation, including decreased mRNA levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in Yellow Perch collected during AgNP exposure, and elevated ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione. At the individual level, Yellow Perch bioenergetic models revealed that prey consumption and total metabolism significantly declined during AgNP additions and remained depressed one year after AgNP addition. At the population level, Yellow Perch densities and gross prey consumption declined after AgNP was added to the lake. Together, these results reveal a holistic assessment of the negative impacts of chronic exposure to environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations (i.e., µg/L) on Yellow Perch at cellular, individual, and population levels.

银纳米颗粒（AgNP）在商业产品和工业应用中广泛用作抗菌剂。因此，AgNP具有释放到淡水环境中的高潜力。作为一项全湖生态系统实验的一部分，该实验旨在检验多年以来在低µg / L浓度下暴露于AgNP的影响，我们评估了黄鲈（Perca flavescens）在将AgNP加入淡水湖之前，之中和之后。在细胞（生物标志物套件），个体（生长，猎物消耗和新陈代谢）和种群（丰度和猎物总消耗）量表上监测黄鲈对原位AgNP添加的响应。在细胞水平上，肝组织中几种氧化应激的生物标志物显示出下调，包括在AgNP暴露期间收集的黄鲈中过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的mRNA水平降低，以及还原型与氧化型谷胱甘肽的比例升高。在个体水平上，Yellow Perch生物能模型显示，添加AgNP期间猎物的消费和总代谢显着下降，而添加AgNP一年后仍保持沮丧。在人口层面，AgNP加入湖中后，黄鲈的密度和猎物的总消费量下降。总之，这些结果揭示了在细胞，个体和种群水平上长期暴露于环境相关的AgNP浓度（即µg / L）对黄鲈的负面影响的整体评估。