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Establishment and function of chromatin modification at enhancers
Open Biology ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-14 , DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200255
Amanuel Tafessu 1 , Laura A Banaszynski 1
Affiliation  

How a single genome can give rise to distinct cell types remains a fundamental question in biology. Mammals are able to specify and maintain hundreds of cell fates by selectively activating unique subsets of their genome. This is achieved, in part, by enhancers—genetic elements that can increase transcription of both nearby and distal genes. Enhancers can be identified by their unique chromatin signature, including transcription factor binding and the enrichment of specific histone post-translational modifications, histone variants, and chromatin-associated cofactors. How each of these chromatin features contributes to enhancer function remains an area of intense study. In this review, we provide an overview of enhancer-associated chromatin states, and the proteins and enzymes involved in their establishment. We discuss recent insights into the effects of the enhancer chromatin state on ongoing transcription versus their role in the establishment of new transcription programmes, such as those that occur developmentally. Finally, we highlight the role of enhancer chromatin in new conceptual advances in gene regulation such as condensate formation.



中文翻译:

增强子染色质修饰的建立和作用

单个基因组如何产生不同的细胞类型仍然是生物学中的一个基本问题。哺乳动物能够通过选择性激活其基因组的独特子集来指定和维持数百种细胞命运。这部分是通过增强子实现的——增强子可以增加附近和远端基因的转录。增强子可以通过其独特的染色质特征进行识别,包括转录因子结合和特定组蛋白翻译后修饰、组蛋白变体和染色质相关辅因子的富集。这些染色质特征中的每一个如何促进增强子功能仍然是一个深入研究的领域。在这篇综述中,我们概述了增强子相关的染色质状态,以及参与它们建立的蛋白质和酶。我们讨论了关于增强子染色质状态对正在进行的转录的影响及其在建立新转录程序(例如发育发生的转录程序)中的作用的最新见解。最后,我们强调了增强子染色质在基因调控的新概念进展中的作用,例如凝聚物形成。

更新日期:2020-10-15
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