Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. XII. Broad-line Region Modeling of NGC 5548,The Astrophysical Journal

当前位置： X-MOL 学术 › Astrophys. J. › 论文详情

Our official English website, www.x-mol.net, welcomes your feedback! (Note: you will need to create a separate account there.)

Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. XII. Broad-line Region Modeling of NGC 5548
The Astrophysical Journal ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-14 , DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abbad7
P. R. Williams ₁ , A. Pancoast ₂ , T. Treu ₁ , B. J. Brewer ₃ , B. M. Peterson _{4,

5,

6} , A. J. Barth ₇ , M. A. Malkan ₁ , G. De Rosa ₆ , Keith Horne ₈ , G. A. Kriss ₆ , N. Arav ₉ , M. C. Bentz ₁₀ , E. M. Cackett ₁₁ , E. Dalla Bont _{12,

13} , M. Dehghanian ₁₄ , C. Done ₁₅ , G. J. Ferland ₁₄ , C. J. Grier _{4,

16} , J. Kaastra _{17,

18} , E. Kara ₁₉ , C. S. Kochanek _{4,

5} , S. Mathur _{4,

5} , M. Mehdipour ₁₇ , R. W. Pogge _{4,

5} , D. Proga ₂₀ , M. Vestergaard _{16,

21} , T. Waters ₂₀ , S. M. Adams _{4,

22} , M. D. Anderson ₁₀ , P. Arvalo ₂₃ , T. G. Beatty _{4,

16} , V. N. Bennert ₂₄ , A. Bigley ₂₅ , S. Bisogni _{4,

26} , G. A. Borman ₂₇ , T. A. Boroson ₂₈ , M. C. Bottorff ₂₉ , W. N. Brandt _{30,

31,

32} , A. A. Breeveld ₃₃ , M. Brotherton ₃₄ , J. E. Brown ₃₅ , J. S. Brown _{4,

36} , G. Canalizo ₃₇ , M. T. Carini ₃₈ , K. I. Clubb ₂₅ , J. M. Comerford ₃₉ , E. M. Corsini _{12,

13} , D. M. Crenshaw ₁₀ , S. Croft ₂₅ , K. V. Croxall _{4,

5} , A. J. Deason _{36,

40} , A. De Lorenzo-Cceres _{8,

41} , K. D. Denney _{4,

5} , M. Dietrich ₄₂ , R. Edelson ₄₃ , N. V. Efimova ₄₄ , J. Ely ₆ , P. A. Evans ₄₅ , M. M. Fausnaugh _{4,

19} , A. V. Filippenko _{25,

46} , K. Flatland _{47,

48} , O. D. Fox _{6,

25} , E. Gardner _{15,

49} , E. L. Gates ₅₀ , N. Gehrels ₅₁ , S. Geier _{52,

53,

54} , J. M. Gelbord _{55,

56} , L. Gonzalez ₄₇ , V. Gorjian ₅₇ , J. E. Greene ₅₈ , D. Grupe ₅₉ , A. Gupta ₄ , P. B. Hall ₆₀ , C. B. Henderson _{4,

61} , S. Hicks ₃₈ , E. Holmbeck ₁ , T. W.-S. Holoien _{4,

5,

62} , T. Hutchison _{29,

63,

64} , M. Im ₆₅ , J. J. Jensen ₂₁ , C. A. Johnson ₆₆ , M. D. Joner ₆₇ , J. Jones ₁₀ , S. Kaspi _{68,

69} , P. L. Kelly _{25,

70} , J. A. Kennea ₃₀ , M. Kim _{71,

72} , S. Kim _{4,

5,

73} , S. C. Kim _{74,

75} , A. King ₇₆ , S. A. Klimanov ₄₄ , C. Knigge ₇₇ , Y. Krongold ₇₈ , M. W. Lau ₃₇ , J. C. Lee ₇₁ , D. C. Leonard ₄₇ , Miao Li ₇₉ , P. Lira ₈₀ , C. Lochhaas _{4,

6} , Zhiyuan Ma ₈₁ , F. MacInnis ₂₉ , E. R. Manne-Nicholas ₁₀ , J. C. Mauerhan ₂₅ , R. McGurk _{36,

82} , I. M. McHardy ₇₇ , C. Montuori ₈₃ , L. Morelli _{12,

13,

84} , A. Mosquera _{4,

85} , D. Mudd ₄ , F. Mller–Snchez _{39,

86} , S. V. Nazarov ₂₇ , R. P. Norris ₁₀ , J. A. Nousek ₃₀ , M. L. Nguyen ₃₄ , P. Ochner _{12,

13} , D. N. Okhmat ₂₇ , I. Papadakis _{87,

88} , J. R. Parks ₁₀ , L. Pei ₇ , M. T. Penny _{4,

89} , A. Pizzella _{12,

13} , R. Poleski _{4,

90} , J.-U. Pott ₉₁ , S. E. Rafter _{69,

92} , H.-W. Rix ₉₁ , J. Runnoe _{93,

94} , D. A. Saylor ₁₀ , J. S. Schimoia _{4,

95,

96} , B. Scott ₃₇ , S. G. Sergeev ₂₇ , B. J. Shappee _{4,

97} , I. Shivvers ₂₅ , M. Siegel ₂₈ , G. V. Simonian _{4,

98} , A. Siviero ₁₂ , A. Skielboe ₂₁ , G. Somers _{4,

94} , M. Spencer ₆₇ , D. Starkey ₈ , D. J. Stevens _{4,

30,

99} , H.-I. Sung ₇₁ , J. Tayar _{4,

97} , N. Tejos ₁₀₀ , C. S. Turner ₁₀ , P. Uttley ₁₀₁ , J . Van Saders _{4,

97} , S. A. Vaughan ₄₅ , L. Vican ₁ , S. Villanueva Jr. _{4,

19} , C. Villforth ₁₀₂ , Y. Weiss ₆₉ , J.-H. Woo ₆₅ , H. Yan ₃₅ , S. Young ₄₃ , H. Yuk _{25,

103} , W. Zheng ₂₅ , W. Zhu _{4,

104} , Y. Zu _{4,

105}

Affiliation

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of Statistics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 140 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
SUPA Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, 25 Park Place, Suite 605, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, 666 W. Hancock St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Universit di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5 I-35122, Padova, Italy
Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Kavli Institute for Space and Astrophysics Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454002, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4002, USA
DARK, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Instituto de Fsica y Astronoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaso, Gran Bretana N 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaso, Chile
Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
INAF IASF-Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, I-20133 Milan, Italy
Crimean† Astrophysical Observatory, P/O Nauchny, Crimea 298409
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
Fountainwood Observatory, Department of Physics FJS 149, Southwestern University, 1011 E. University Ave., Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave. Laramie, WY 82071, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd #11077, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, Calle Va Lctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Department of Earth, Environment and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA 01602, USA
Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Pulkovo Observatory, 196140 St. Petersburg, Russia
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Miller Senior Fellow, Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
Oakwood School, 105 John Wilson Way, Morgan Hill, CA 95037, USA
School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
Lick Observatory, P.O. Box 85, Mt. Hamilton, CA 95140, USA
Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Departamento de Astrofsica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Gran Telescopio Canarias (GRANTECAN), E-38205 San Cristbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Spectral Sciences Inc., 4 Fourth Ave., Burlington, MA 01803, USA
Eureka Scientific Inc., 2452 Delmer St. Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602, USA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Space Science Center, Morehead State University, 235 Martindale Dr., Morehead, KY 40351, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
IPAC, Mail Code 100-22, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
The Observatories of teh Carnegie Institution, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4242 USA
George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4242 USA
Astronomy Program, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, 116 Church Street S.E., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Republic of Korea
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Instituto de Astronoma, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuidad de Mexico, Mexico
Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, 550 W120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile, Camino del Observatorio 1515, Santiago, Chile
Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
DiSAT, Universita dell’Insubria, via Valleggio 11, I-22100, Como, Italy
Instituto de Astronomia y Ciencias Planetarias, Universidad de Atacama, Copiap, Chile
Physics Department, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA
Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, 3720 Alumni Ave, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, University of Crete, GR-71003 Heraklion, Greece
IESL, Foundation for Research and Technology, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Nicholson Hall, Tower Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Al.Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Max Planck Institut fr Astronomie, Knigstuhl 17, D–69117 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Circle, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Laboratrio Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia, Rua General Jos Cristino, 77 Vasco da Gama, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Departamento de Fsica—CCNE—Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-90, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Institute for Astronomy, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
Department of Physical Sciences, Concord University, Vermillion Street, P.O. Box 1000, Athens, WV 24712, USA
Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Instituto de Fsica, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Valparaso, Casilla 4059, Valparaso, Chile
Astronomical Institute “Anton Pannekoek,” University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
University of Bath, Department of Physics, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 W. Brooks St., Norman, OK 73019, USA
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, 60 St. George St., University of Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China

We present geometric and dynamical modeling of the broad line region for the multi-wavelength reverberation mapping campaign focused on NGC 5548 in 2014. The dataset includes photometric and spectroscopic monitoring in the optical and ultraviolet, covering the H$\beta$, C IV, and Ly$\alpha$ broad emission lines. We find an extended disk-like H$\beta$ BLR with a mixture of near-circular and outflowing gas trajectories, while the C IV and Ly$\alpha$ BLRs are much less extended and resemble shell-like structures. There is clear radial structure in the BLR, with C IV and Ly$\alpha$ emission arising at smaller radii than the H$\beta$ emission. Using the three lines, we make three independent black hole mass measurements, all of which are consistent. Combining these results gives a joint inference of $\log_{10}(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) = 7.64^{+0.21}_{-0.18}$. We examine the effect of using the $V$ band instead of the UV continuum light curve on the results and find a size difference that is consistent with the measured UV-optical time lag, but the other structural and kinematic parameters remain unchanged, suggesting that the $V$ band is a suitable proxy for the ionizing continuum when exploring the BLR structure and kinematics. Finally, we compare the H$\beta$ results to similar models of data obtained in 2008 when the AGN was at a lower luminosity state. We find that the size of the emitting region increased during this time period, but the geometry and black hole mass remain unchanged, which confirms that the BLR kinematics suitably gauge the gravitational field of the central black hole.

中文翻译：

空间望远镜和光学混响测绘项目。十二. NGC 5548 的宽线区域建模

我们展示了 2014 年重点关注 NGC 5548 的多波长混响映射活动的宽线区域的几何和动力学建模。该数据集包括光学和紫外线的光度和光谱监测，涵盖 H$\beta$、C IV、和 Ly$\alpha$ 宽发射线。我们发现了一个扩展的盘状 H$\beta$ BLR，它混合了近圆形和流出的气体轨迹，而 C IV 和 Ly$\alpha$ BLR 的扩展程度要小得多，并且类似于壳状结构。BLR 有明显的径向结构，C IV 和 Ly$\alpha$ 发射的半径小于 H$\beta$ 发射。使用这三条线，我们进行了三个独立的黑洞质量测量，所有测量结果都是一致的。结合这些结果给出了 $\log_{10}(M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) = 7.64^{+0.21}_{-0 的联合推断。18}$。我们检查了使用 $V$ 波段而不是 UV 连续光曲线对结果的影响，发现与测量的 UV-光学时滞一致的尺寸差异，但其他结构和运动学参数保持不变，表明在探索 BLR 结构和运动学时，$V$ 带是电离连续体的合适代表。最后，我们将 H$\beta$ 结果与 2008 年 AGN 处于较低光度状态时获得的类似数据模型进行比较。我们发现发射区域的大小在此期间增加，但几何形状和黑洞质量保持不变，这证实 BLR 运动学适当地测量了中心黑洞的引力场。我们检查了使用 $V$ 波段而不是 UV 连续光曲线对结果的影响，发现与测量的 UV-光学时滞一致的尺寸差异，但其他结构和运动学参数保持不变，表明在探索 BLR 结构和运动学时，$V$ 带是电离连续体的合适代表。最后，我们将 H$\beta$ 结果与 2008 年 AGN 处于较低光度状态时获得的类似数据模型进行比较。我们发现发射区域的大小在此期间增加，但几何形状和黑洞质量保持不变，这证实 BLR 运动学适当地测量了中心黑洞的引力场。我们检查了使用 $V$ 波段而不是 UV 连续光曲线对结果的影响，发现与测量的 UV-光学时滞一致的尺寸差异，但其他结构和运动学参数保持不变，表明在探索 BLR 结构和运动学时，$V$ 带是电离连续体的合适代表。最后，我们将 H$\beta$ 结果与 2008 年 AGN 处于较低光度状态时获得的类似数据模型进行比较。我们发现发射区域的大小在此期间增加，但几何形状和黑洞质量保持不变，这证实 BLR 运动学适当地测量了中心黑洞的引力场。但其他结构和运动学参数保持不变，这表明在探索 BLR 结构和运动学时，$V$ 带是电离连续体的合适代表。最后，我们将 H$\beta$ 结果与 2008 年 AGN 处于较低光度状态时获得的类似数据模型进行比较。我们发现发射区域的大小在此期间增加，但几何形状和黑洞质量保持不变，这证实 BLR 运动学适当地测量了中心黑洞的引力场。但其他结构和运动学参数保持不变，这表明在探索 BLR 结构和运动学时，$V$ 带是电离连续体的合适代表。最后，我们将 H$\beta$ 结果与 2008 年 AGN 处于较低光度状态时获得的类似数据模型进行比较。我们发现发射区域的大小在此期间增加，但几何形状和黑洞质量保持不变，这证实 BLR 运动学适当地测量了中心黑洞的引力场。

更新日期：2020-10-14

点击分享查看原文

点击收藏

公开下载

阅读更多本刊最新论文

全部期刊列表>>