Previous research has shown that propolis has immunomodulatory activity. Extracts from two UK propolis samples were assessed for their anti-inflammatory activities by investigating their ability to alter the production of the cytokines: tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages co-stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The propolis extracts suppressed the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 with less effect on TNFα. In addition, propolis reduced the levels of nitric oxide formed by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Metabolomic profiling was carried out by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) on a ZIC-pHILIC column. LPS increased the levels of intermediates involved in nitric oxide biosynthesis; propolis lowered many of these. In addition, LPS produced an increase in itaconate and citrate, and propolis treatment increased itaconate still further while greatly reducing citrate levels. Moreover, LPS treatment increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and intermediates in its biosynthesis, while propolis treatment boosted these still further. In addition, propolis treatment greatly increased levels of uridine diphosphate (UDP)–sugar conjugates. Overall, the results showed that propolis extracts exert an anti-inflammatory effect by the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by the metabolic reprogramming of LPS activity in macrophages.

中文翻译：

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温和的蜂胶具有抗炎作用，是巨噬细胞中一氧化氮形成的有效抑制剂。

先前的研究表明蜂胶具有免疫调节活性。通过研究两种英国蜂胶样品的提取物改变细胞因子产生的能力来评估其抗炎活性：肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α），白介素-1β（IL-1β），IL-6，和脂多糖（LPS）共同刺激的小鼠骨髓来源的巨噬细胞中的IL-10和IL-10。蜂胶提取物抑制IL-1β和IL-6的分泌，对TNFα的影响较小。另外，蜂胶降低了LPS刺激的巨噬细胞形成的一氧化氮的水平。在ZIC-pHILIC色谱柱上通过液相色谱（LC）和质谱（MS）进行代谢组学分析。LPS增加了参与一氧化氮生物合成的中间体的水平；蜂胶降低了其中许多。此外，LPS会增加衣康酸酯和柠檬酸盐的含量，而蜂胶的处理则进一步增加了衣康酸酯的含量，同时大大降低了柠檬酸盐的含量。此外，LPS处理增加了其生物合成中的谷胱甘肽（GSH）和中间体的水平，而蜂胶处理则进一步增强了它们的含量。另外，蜂胶治疗大大增加了尿苷二磷酸（UDP）-糖结合物的水平。总体而言，结果表明蜂胶提取物通过抑制促炎细胞因子和巨噬细胞中LPS活性的代谢重编程发挥抗炎作用。蜂胶的治疗进一步促进了这些。另外，蜂胶治疗大大增加了尿苷二磷酸（UDP）-糖结合物的水平。总体而言，结果表明蜂胶提取物通过抑制促炎细胞因子和巨噬细胞中LPS活性的代谢重编程发挥抗炎作用。蜂胶的治疗进一步促进了这些。另外，蜂胶治疗大大增加了尿苷二磷酸（UDP）-糖结合物的水平。总体而言，结果表明蜂胶提取物通过抑制促炎细胞因子和巨噬细胞中LPS活性的代谢重编程发挥抗炎作用。