Increasing evidence links air pollution (AP) exposure to effects on the central nervous system structure and function. Particulate matter AP, especially the ultrafine (nanoparticle) components, can carry numerous metal and trace element contaminants that can reach the brain in utero and after birth. Excess brain exposure to either essential or non-essential elements can result in brain dyshomeostasis, which has been implicated in both neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs; autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and neurodegenerative diseases (NDGDs; Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This review summarizes the current understanding of the extent to which the inhalational or intranasal instillation of metals reproduces in vivo the shared features of NDDs and NDGDs, including enlarged lateral ventricles, alterations in myelination, glutamatergic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, inflammation, microglial activation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered social behaviors, cognitive dysfunction, and impulsivity. Although evidence is limited to date, neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are reproduced by numerous metals. Understanding the specific contribution of metals/trace elements to this neurotoxicity can guide the development of more realistic animal exposure models of human AP exposure and consequently lead to a more meaningful approach to mechanistic studies, potential intervention strategies, and regulatory requirements.

中文翻译：

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空气污染相关的脑金属动态失调是神经发育障碍和神经退行性疾病的潜在危险因素

越来越多的证据将空气污染（AP）暴露与对中枢神经系统结构和功能的影响联系起来。微粒物质AP，尤其是超细（纳米粒子）成分，可以携带多种金属和微量元素污染物，这些污染物可以在子宫内和出生后到达大脑。过度暴露于必需或非必需元素的大脑可能导致大脑动态失调，这与神经发育障碍（NDD；自闭症谱系障碍，精神分裂症和注意缺陷多动障碍）和神经退行性疾病（NDGD；阿尔茨海默氏病，帕金森氏症）有关疾病，多发性硬化症和肌萎缩性侧索硬化症）。这篇综述总结了对吸入或鼻内滴注金属在体内复制NDDs和NDGDs共有特征的当前理解，包括侧脑室增大，髓鞘改变，谷氨酸能功能障碍，神经元细胞死亡，炎症，小胶质细胞活化，氧化应激，线粒体功能障碍，社交行为改变，认知功能障碍和冲动性。尽管目前为止还没有证据，但许多金属仍能复制神经元细胞死亡，氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍。了解金属/痕量元素对这种神经毒性的具体贡献可以指导人类AP暴露的更现实的动物暴露模型的发展，并因此导致更有意义的机制研究方法，