Extensive ecosystem restoration is increasingly seen as being central to conserving biodiversity 1 and stabilizing the climate of the Earth 2 . Although ambitious national and global targets have been set, global priority areas that account for spatial variation in benefits and costs have yet to be identified. Here we develop and apply a multicriteria optimization approach that identifies priority areas for restoration across all terrestrial biomes, and estimates their benefits and costs. We find that restoring 15% of converted lands in priority areas could avoid 60% of expected extinctions while sequestering 299 gigatonnes of CO 2 —30% of the total CO 2 increase in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. The inclusion of several biomes is key to achieving multiple benefits. Cost effectiveness can increase up to 13-fold when spatial allocation is optimized using our multicriteria approach, which highlights the importance of spatial planning. Our results confirm the vast potential contributions of restoration to addressing global challenges, while underscoring the necessity of pursuing these goals synergistically. Multicriteria optimization identifies global priority areas for ecosystem restoration and estimates their benefits for biodiversity and climate, providing cost–benefit analyses that highlight the importance of optimizing spatial planning and incorporating several biomes in restoration strategies.

中文翻译：

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生态系统恢复的全球优先领域

广泛的生态系统恢复越来越被视为保护生物多样性 1 和稳定地球气候 2 的核心。尽管制定了雄心勃勃的国家和全球目标，但尚未确定考虑收益和成本空间差异的全球优先领域。在这里，我们开发并应用了一种多标准优化方法，该方法确定了所有陆地生物群落的优先恢复区域，并估计了它们的收益和成本。我们发现，在优先地区恢复 15% 的改建土地可以避免 60% 的预期灭绝，同时隔离 299 吉吨 CO 2 ——占自工业革命以来大气中 CO 2 增加总量的 30%。包含多个生物群落是实现多重效益的关键。当使用我们的多标准方法优化空间分配时，成本效益可提高多达 13 倍，这凸显了空间规划的重要性。我们的结果证实了恢复对应对全球挑战的巨大潜在贡献，同时强调了协同实现这些目标的必要性。多标准优化确定生态系统恢复的全球优先领域，并估计其对生物多样性和气候的益处，提供成本效益分析，突出优化空间规划和将多个生物群落纳入恢复战略的重要性。同时强调协同实现这些目标的必要性。多标准优化确定生态系统恢复的全球优先领域，并估计其对生物多样性和气候的益处，提供成本效益分析，突出优化空间规划和将多个生物群落纳入恢复战略的重要性。同时强调协同实现这些目标的必要性。多标准优化确定生态系统恢复的全球优先领域，并估计其对生物多样性和气候的益处，提供成本效益分析，突出优化空间规划和将多个生物群落纳入恢复战略的重要性。