Pancreatic cancer, which threatens the global population, is a very aggressive disease with an increased mortality rate. Regarding the types of cancer, pancreatic cancer is prone to display significant resistance to conventional therapy, therefore there 5‐year survival rate is only 2% to 9%. Bioactive metabolites of marine algae such as polysaccharides, chitin, carternoids, and sterols possess immense pharmacological properties and tend to be promising alternatives for cancer treatment. Dieckol is one such polyphenolic bioactive compound extracted from brown algae Ecklonia cava, which is proven to possess antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic properties. Therefore in the present study, we analyzed the anticancer property of dieckol on PANC‐1 pancreatic carcinoma cells. The cytotoxicity property of dieckol against PANC‐1 cells was assessed with 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, and cell morphological analysis. The generation of reactive oxygen species by dieckol on PANC‐1 was analyzed with DCFH‐DA staining and confirmed by quantifying antioxidants levels in untreated and dieckol‐treated PANC‐1 cells. The induction of apoptosis was further evaluated with different staining techniques such as Rhodamine 123 staining, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, DAPI staining, propidium iodide staining and was confirmed by estimating the protein expression of apoptotic genes, Bax and Bcl2. Cell adhesion assay and estimation of inflammatory cytokines were performed to detect the inhibitory effect of dieckol against cancer cell progression. It is further confirmed by analyzing cancer cell progression proteins, that is, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 expressions in untreated and dieckol‐treated PANC‐1 cells. Our overall results authentically prove dieckol persuasively induces apoptosis and inhibits the progression of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, suggesting dieckol as a potent marine‐based phytochemical to treat pancreatic cancer.

中文翻译：

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海洋生物活性化合物地eckol诱导细胞凋亡并抑制人胰腺癌细胞PANC-1的生长

威胁全球人口的胰腺癌是一种非常具有侵略性的疾病，死亡率增加。关于癌症的类型，胰腺癌倾向于显示出对常规疗法的显着耐药性，因此5年生存率仅为2％至9％。藻类的生物活性代谢产物，例如多糖，甲壳质，类胡萝卜素和固醇，具有巨大的药理特性，并有望成为癌症治疗的替代方法。Dieckol是从褐藻Ecklonia cava中提取的一种此类多酚生物活性化合物被证明具有抗氧化，抗炎，抗菌，抗糖尿病的特性。因此，在本研究中，我们分析了地eckol对PANC-1胰腺癌细胞的抗癌特性。用3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-2-，溴化5-二苯基四唑鎓测定和细胞形态分析评估了dieckol对PANC-1细胞的细胞毒性特性。用DCFH-DA染色分析了dieckol在PANC-1上产生的活性氧种类，并通过定量未处理和经dieckol处理的PANC-1细胞中的抗氧化剂水平来证实。通过不同的染色技术，如若丹明123染色，a啶橙/溴化乙锭染色，DAPI染色，碘化丙锭染色，并通过估计凋亡基因Bax和Bcl2的蛋白质表达得到证实。进行细胞粘附测定和炎性细胞因子的估计，以检测地eckol对癌细胞进展的抑制作用。通过分析癌细胞进展蛋白，即未经处理和经dieckol处理的PANC-1细胞中增殖的细胞核抗原和细胞周期蛋白D1表达，可以进一步证实这一点。我们的总体结果可靠地证明了地eckol在体外具有说服力，可诱导凋亡并抑制人类胰腺癌细胞的进程，这表明地eckol是一种有效的基于海洋的植物化学药物，可治疗胰腺癌。进行细胞粘附测定和炎性细胞因子的估计，以检测地eckol对癌细胞进展的抑制作用。通过分析癌细胞进展蛋白，即未经处理和经dieckol处理的PANC-1细胞中增殖的细胞核抗原和细胞周期蛋白D1表达，可以进一步证实这一点。我们的总体结果可靠地证明了地eckol在体外具有说服力，可诱导凋亡并抑制人类胰腺癌细胞的进程，这表明地eckol是一种有效的基于海洋的植物化学药物，可治疗胰腺癌。进行细胞粘附测定和炎性细胞因子的估计，以检测地eckol对癌细胞进展的抑制作用。通过分析癌细胞进展蛋白，即未经处理和经dieckol处理的PANC-1细胞中增殖的细胞核抗原和细胞周期蛋白D1表达，可以进一步证实这一点。我们的总体结果可靠地证明了地eckol在体外具有说服力，可诱导凋亡并抑制人类胰腺癌细胞的进程，这表明地eckol是一种有效的基于海洋的植物化学药物，可治疗胰腺癌。