A new, three‐dimensional geometric morphometric approach was assessed to study the effect of developmental temperature on fish heart shape utilizing geometric morphometrics of three‐dimensional landmarks captured on digitally reconstructed zebrafish hearts. This study reports the first three‐dimensional analysis of the fish heart and demonstrates significant shape modifications occurring after three developmental temperature treatments (TD = 24, 28 or 32°C) at two distinct developmental stages (juvenile and adult fish). Elevation of TD induced ventricle roundness in juveniles, males and females. Furthermore, significant differences that have not been described so far in heart morphometric indices (i.e., ventricle sphericity, bulbus arteriosus elongation and relative location, heart asymmetry) were identified. Sex proved to be a significant regulating factor of heart shape plasticity in response to TD. This methodology offers unique benefits by providing a more precise representation of heart shape changes in response to developmental temperature that are otherwise not discernable with the previously described two‐dimensional methods. Our work provides the first evidence of three‐dimensional shape alterations of the zebrafish heart adding to the emerging rationale of temperature‐driven plastic responses of global warming and seasonal temperature disturbances in wild fish populations and in other ectothermic vertebrates as well (amphibians and reptiles).

中文翻译：

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响应斑马鱼发育温度的 3D 心脏形态变化：不仅仅是心室圆度

利用在数字重建的斑马鱼心脏上捕获的三维标志的几何形态测量学，评估了一种新的三维几何形态测量方法，以研究发育温度对鱼心形状的影响。该研究报告了对鱼心脏的首次三维分析，并证明了在三个发育温度处理（TD = 24、28 或 32°C）后，在两个不同的发育阶段（幼鱼和成鱼）发生了显着的形状改变。TD 的升高诱导了幼鱼、雄鱼和雌鱼的心室圆度。此外，还确定了迄今为止在心脏形态测量指标（即心室球形度、动脉球延展和相对位置、心脏不对称性）方面尚未描述的显着差异。性别被证明是响应 TD 的心形可塑性的重要调节因素。这种方法通过提供更精确的心脏形状变​​化来提供独特的好处，以响应发育温度，否则之前描述的二维方法是无法辨别的。我们的工作提供了斑马鱼心脏三维形状改变的第一个证据，增加了野生鱼类种群和其他变温脊椎动物（两栖动物和爬行动物）中全球变暖和季节性温度扰动的温度驱动塑性反应的新兴理论基础. 这种方法通过提供更精确的心脏形状变​​化来提供独特的好处，以响应发育温度，否则之前描述的二维方法是无法辨别的。我们的工作提供了斑马鱼心脏三维形状改变的第一个证据，增加了野生鱼类种群和其他变温脊椎动物（两栖动物和爬行动物）中全球变暖和季节性温度扰动的温度驱动塑性反应的新兴理论基础. 这种方法通过提供更精确的心脏形状变​​化来提供独特的好处，以响应发育温度，否则之前描述的二维方法是无法辨别的。我们的工作提供了斑马鱼心脏三维形状改变的第一个证据，增加了野生鱼类种群和其他变温脊椎动物（两栖动物和爬行动物）中全球变暖和季节性温度扰动的温度驱动塑性反应的新兴理论基础.