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The amphibian complement system and chytridiomycosis
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-13 , DOI: 10.1002/jez.2419
Keely M. Rodriguez 1 , Jamie Voyles 1
Affiliation  

Understanding host immune function and ecoimmunology is increasingly important at a time when emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) threaten wildlife. One EID that has emerged and spread widely in recent years is chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which is implicated unprecedented amphibian declines around the world. The impacts of Bd have been severe for many amphibian species, but some populations have exhibited signs of persistence, and even recovery, in some regions. Many mechanisms may underpin this pattern and amphibian immune responses are likely one key component. Although we have made great strides in understanding amphibian immunity, the complement system remains poorly understood. The complement system is a nonspecific, innate immune defense that is known to enhance other immune responses. Complement activation can occur by three different biochemical pathways and result in protective mechanisms, such as inflammation, opsonization, and pathogen lysis, thereby providing protection to the host. We currently lack an understanding of complement pathway activation for chytridiomycosis, but several studies have suggested that it may be a key part of an early and robust immune response that confers host resistance. Here, we review the available research on the complement system in general as well as amphibian complement responses to Bd infection. Additionally, we propose future research directions that will increase our understanding of the amphibian complement system and other immune responses to Bd. Finally, we suggest how a deeper understanding of amphibian immunity could enhance the conservation and management of amphibian species that are threatened by chytridiomycosis.

中文翻译:

两栖补体系统和壶菌

在新出现的传染病(EID)威胁野生生物时,了解宿主的免疫功能和生态免疫学变得越来越重要。近年来,一种广泛出现和传播的EID是由真菌病原体Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisBd)引起的乳糜菌病,这暗示了世界范围内两栖动物数量的空前下降。Bd的影响对许多两栖动物物种来说,这种病很严重,但是在某些地区,某些种群表现出持久性甚至恢复的迹象。许多机制可能是这种模式的基础,而两栖动物的免疫反应可能是关键因素之一。尽管我们在理解两栖动物免疫方面取得了长足的进步,但对补体系统的了解仍然很少。补体系统是一种非特异性的先天免疫防御,已知会增强其他免疫反应。补体激活可以通过三种不同的生化途径发生,并导致保护机制,例如炎症,调理作用和病原体溶解,从而为宿主提供保护。我们目前对壶菌病的补体途径激活缺乏了解,但多项研究表明,这可能是赋予宿主抗药性的早期且强大的免疫反应的关键部分。在这里,我们回顾了有关补体系统的一般研究以及两栖动物对补体的反应Bd感染。此外,我们提出了未来的研究方向,以加深我们对两栖补体系统和对Bd的其他免疫反应的了解。最后,我们建议对两栖动物免疫力的更深入了解如何增强受乳糜菌病威胁的两栖动物的保护和管理。
更新日期:2020-10-13
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