Extensive medical research showed that patients, with high protein concentration in urine, have various kinds of kidney diseases, referred to as proteinuria. Urinary protein biomarkers are useful for diagnosis of many health conditions – kidney and cardio vascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, infections. This review focuses on the instrumental quantification (electrophoresis, chromatography, immunoassays, mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, the infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy) of proteins (the most of all albumin) in human urine matrix. Different techniques provide unique information on what constituents of the urine are. Due to complex nature of urine, a separation step by electrophoresis or chromatography are often used for proteomics study of urine. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the discovery and the analysis of biomarkers in urine, however, costs of the analysis are high, especially for quantitative analysis. Immunoassays, which often come with fluorescence detection, are major qualitative and quantitative tools in clinical analysis. While Infrared and Raman spectroscopies do not give extensive information about urine, they could become important tools for the routine clinical diagnostics of kidney problems, due to rapidness and low-cost. Thus, it is important to review all the applicable techniques and methods related to urine analysis. In this review, a brief overview of each technique’s principle is introduced. Where applicable, research papers about protein determination in urine are summarized with the main figures of merits, such as the limit of detection, the detectable range, recovery and accuracy, when available.

广泛的医学研究表明，尿液中蛋白质浓度高的患者患有各种肾脏疾病，称为蛋白尿。尿蛋白生物标志物可用于诊断许多健康状况——肾脏和心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病、感染。本综述侧重于人尿基质中蛋白质（最重要的是白蛋白）的仪器定量（电泳、色谱、免疫测定、质谱、荧光光谱、红外光谱和拉曼光谱）。不同的技术提供了关于尿液成分的独特信息。由于尿液的复杂性，电泳或色谱分离步骤通常用于尿液的蛋白质组学研究。质谱法是发现和分析尿液中生物标志物的有力工具，但分析成本很高，尤其是定量分析。通常伴随荧光检测的免疫测定是临床分析中主要的定性和定量工具。虽然红外和拉曼光谱不能提供有关尿液的广泛信息，但由于快速且成本低，它们可能成为肾脏问题常规临床诊断的重要工具。因此，重要的是回顾与尿液分析相关的所有适用技术和方法。在这篇综述中，简要介绍了每种技术的原理。在适用的情况下，关于尿液中蛋白质测定的研究论文总结了主要的优点，例如检测限，