Self-assembly is one of the most popular ways to produce nanoparticle (NP) films, but it is still limited by expensive instruments, time-consuming processes, and poor controllability. Here we present a thermally induced, tension-gradient-driven nanoparticle self-assembly method to realize high-efficiency, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and controllable fabrication of large-area NP films. The driving force of this self-assembly method comes from the tension gradient of the air-liquid interface and particle-liquid interface. Meniscus shape, immersion velocity, and temperature have significant effects on self-assembly. The as-prepared ultrathin NP films are closely packed, and the number of layers can be well controlled, exhibit excellent superhydrophobic/superoleophilic properties, and can separate various oil-water mixtures with high efficiency. Moreover, the method is suitable for various 2D and 3D substrates, which may enable efficient and controllable fabrication of NP films.

自组装是生产纳米颗粒（NP）膜的最流行的方法之一，但是它仍然受到昂贵的仪器，耗时的过程和差的可控性的限制。在这里，我们提出了一种热诱导，张力梯度驱动的纳米粒子自组装方法，以实现高效，经济高效，环境友好且可控制的大面积NP膜制造。这种自组装方法的驱动力来自气液界面和颗粒液界面的张力梯度。弯月面的形状，浸入速度和温度对自组装有重要影响。所制备的超薄NP膜紧密堆积，层数可得到很好的控制，表现出优异的超疏水/超亲油性能，可以高效分离各种油水混合物。而且，该方法适用于各种2D和3D衬底，其可以使得能够有效且可控地制造NP膜。