Amphibians are experiencing worldwide declines due to increasing anthropogenetic disturbances. However, the genetic variability and hence adaptability are still unknown for most frogs. We integrated the mitochondrial (ND2 gene), nuclear (TYR gene) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci, to clarify the demographic patterns and immune-gene diversity of the Lolokou Sucker Frog (Amolops loloensis). Demographic analysis of the ND2 and TYR genes suggested that the Lolokou Sucker Frog experienced a population expansion within the last 10,000 years. High MHC diversity was detected, which has likely resulted from positive selection, indicating the current diversity bodes well for the species' adaptive potential to pathogenic challenges. These findings broaden our knowledge on the population history and evolution adaptation of the reclusive torrent frog, and conservation implications are provided.

中文翻译：

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脆弱的 Lolokou Sucker Frog 的人口统计历史和适应性

由于人为干扰的增加，两栖动物正在全球范围内减少。然而，大多数青蛙的遗传变异性和适应性仍然未知。我们整合了线粒体（ND2 基因）、核（TYR 基因）和主要组织相容性复合体 (MHC) 基因座，以阐明 Lolokou 吸盘蛙 (Amolops loloensis) 的人口统计学模式和免疫基因多样性。对 ND2 和 TYR 基因的人口统计学分析表明，Lolokou Sucker Frog 在过去 10,000 年内经历了种群扩张。检测到高 MHC 多样性，这可能是正选择的结果，表明当前的多样性预示着该物种对病原体挑战的适应性潜力。